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Microbial Manipulation Host Dark Matter

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Non-coding RNAs and Inter-kingdom Communication

Abstract

In 2010, Francis Collins, director of the NIH, referenced the transcribed yet untranslated component of the human genome as ‘dark matter’, a term often used by astrophysicists to describe the vast quantities of invisible hypothetical matter known to make up the majority of our universe. Since then, geneticists have set out to shed light on this matter with remarkable success, in an array of biological contexts ranging from cancer to developmental biology. In recent years, rapid advances have been made towards uncovering the functional biological roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have been estimated to represent 70–90 % of mammalian genomic dark matter. It has become increasingly evident that the primary function of our noncoding genome is to regulate the coding genome. This makes genomic dark matter an attractive evolutionary target for pathogens, who need to alter the cellular host environment in order to promote their survival and propagation. In this review, we focus on the constituents of the mammalian genomic dark matter that are manipulated by viral and microbial pathogens. We also dive deeper into the involvement of ncRNAs, including enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), in the innate immune response against intracellular pathogens. This commentary further highlights how dark and abstruse our noncoding genome still is, particularly in the context of infection biology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gene Expression and Biophysics Group, CSIR Synthetic Biology ERA, Brummeria, Pretoria, South Africa

    Samantha Barichievy, Loretta Magagula, Youtaro Shibayama & Musa M. Mhlanga

  2. Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Samantha Barichievy

  3. Gene Expression and Biophysics Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Musa M. Mhlanga

  4. Division of Chemical, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Loretta Magagula, Youtaro Shibayama & Musa M. Mhlanga

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  1. Samantha Barichievy
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  2. Loretta Magagula
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  1. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal

    Ana Lúcia Leitão

  2. Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

    Francisco J. Enguita

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Barichievy, S., Magagula, L., Shibayama, Y., Mhlanga, M.M. (2016). Microbial Manipulation Host Dark Matter. In: Leitão, A., Enguita, F. (eds) Non-coding RNAs and Inter-kingdom Communication. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39496-1_2

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