Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia pp 93–139Cite as

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Reversible Dementias

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Neurological Disease ((NSND))

Abstract

Most dementias are caused by neurodegenerative or vascular diseases for which management comprises, mainly, symptomatic and supportive therapies. However, cognitive impairment, and even dementia, can have reversible causes, and these should be diagnosed because they might have a specific treatment. “Reversible dementias” often present with prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms, namely, behavioral and psychological features, other than cognitive complaints. Prevalence of “reversible dementias” varies between 1 and 40 %. Being potentially reversible, it remains essential to investigate and treat potentially reversible causes of dementia or dementia-like symptoms. High level of clinical suspicion is necessary to recognize these conditions. Therefore, an extensive list of potentially reversible conditions that may either cause or mimic dementia is reviewed, and their neuropsychiatric aspects described. Diagnosis is made by thorough history, neurological and physical examination combined with certain routine tests, and, occasionally, other selective investigations. Clinical clues to guide the clinician to suspect such diseases are also provided.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    ANA, antinuclear antibody; anti-dsDNA, anti-double-stranded DNA; c-ANCA/PR3, circulating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody/proteinase-3; pANCA/MPO, perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody/myeloperoxidase; anti-RNP, anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein; anti-SM, anti-Smith; anti-SS, anti-Sjögren syndrome-related antigen.

  2. 2.

    LGI1, leucine-rich, glioma-inactivated 1; GABAbR, gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor; AMPAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor; mGluR5, metabotropic glutamate receptor 5; Caspr2, contactin-associated protein-like 2; GAD65, glutamic acid decarboxylase; GlyR, glycine receptor.

  3. 3.

    ANNA1, antineuronal nuclear antibodies 1; ANNA2, antineuronal nuclear antibodies 2; CRMP5, collapsin response mediator protein 5.

Abbreviations

ACTH:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

ADL:

Activities of daily living

cART:

Combination antiretroviral therapy

bid:

bis in die (twice a day)

COMT:

Catechol-O-methyltransferase

CNS:

Central nervous system

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

CT:

Computerized tomography

DWI:

Diffusion-weighted imaging

e.g.:

exempli gratia (for example)

ECG:

Electrocardiography

EEG:

Electroencephalography

ESR:

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

etc.:

et cetera (and the rest; and so forth)

FLAIR:

Fluid attenuation inversion recovery

FTA-ABS:

Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption

HAD:

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia

HAND:

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

i.e.:

id est (that is)

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

INPH:

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus

LNB:

Lyme neuroborreliosis

MAO:

Monoamine oxidase

MMSE:

Mini-mental status examination

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

NMDAR:

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor

PACNS:

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system

PAS:

Periodic acid-Schiff

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PRES:

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

qd:

quaque die (once a day)

RPR:

Rapid plasma reagin

SPECT:

Single-photon emission computed tomography

SREAT:

Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with evidence of thyroid autoimmunity

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

TG:

Antithyroglobulin

tid:

ter in die (three times a day)

TPHA:

Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay

TPO:

Antithyroperoxidase

VDRL:

Venereal disease research laboratory

References

  1. Clarfield AM. The decreasing prevalence of reversible dementias: an updated meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2219–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hejl A, Hogh P, Waldemar G. Potentially reversible conditions in 1000 consecutive memory clinic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:390–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Walstra GJ, Teunisse S, van Gool WA, van Crevel H. Reversible dementia in elderly patients referred to a memory clinic. J Neurol. 1997;244:17–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Weytingh MD, Bossuyt PM, van Crevel H. Reversible dementia: more than 10% or less than 1%? A quantitative review. J Neurol. 1995;242:466–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Freter S, Bergman H, Gold S, Chertkow H, Clarfield AM. Prevalence of potentially reversible dementias and actual reversibility in a memory clinic cohort. CMAJ. 1998;159:657–62.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Farina E, Pomati S, Mariani C. Observations on dementias with possibly reversible symptoms. Aging (Milano). 1999;11:323–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Waldemar G. Reversible dementias – do they exist? Pract Neurol. 2002;2:138–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Barry PP, Moskowitz MA. The diagnosis of reversible dementia in the elderly. A critical review. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:1914–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Clarfield AM. The reversible dementias: do they reverse? Ann Intern Med. 1988;109:476–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Draper B. Potentially reversible dementia: a review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1991;25:506–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Larson EB, Reifler BV, Sumi SM, Canfield CG, Chinn NM. Features of potentially reversible dementia in elderly outpatients. West J Med. 1986;145:488–92.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Maletta GJ. The concept of “reversible” dementia. How nonreliable terminology may impair effective treatment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:136–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. van Crevel H, van Gool WA, Walstra GJ. Early diagnosis of dementia: which tests are indicated? What are their costs? J Neurol. 1999;246:73–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Alexander EM, Wagner EH, Buchner DM, Cain KC, Larson EB. Do surgical brain lesions present as isolated dementia? A population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:138–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Engel PA, Gelber J. Does computed tomographic brain imaging have a place in the diagnosis of dementia. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:1437–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Foster GR, Scott DA, Payne S. The use of CT scanning in dementia. A systematic review. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1999;15:406–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chui H, Zhang Q. Evaluation of dementia: a systematic study of the usefulness of the American Academy of Neurology’s practice parameters. Neurology. 1997;49:925–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. George AE, de Leon MJ, Golomb J, Kluger A, Convit A. Imaging the brain in dementia: expensive and futile? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18:1847–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gifford DR, Holloway RG, Vickrey BG. Systematic review of clinical prediction rules for neuroimaging in the evaluation of dementia. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2855–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Katzman R. Should a major imaging procedure (CT or MRI) be required in the workup of dementia? An affirmative view. J Fam Pract. 1990;31:401–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gauthier S, Patterson C, Chertkow H, Gordon M, Herrmann N, Rockwood K, et al. Recommendations of the 4th Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia (CCCDTD4). Can Geriatr J. 2012;15:120–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Knopman DS, DeKosky ST, Cummings JL, Chui H, Corey-Bloom J, Relkin N, et al. Practice parameter: diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review). Report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001;56:1143–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, Georges J, McKeith IG, Rossor M, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14:e1–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2006 [updated 2015]. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg42. Accessed 7 Sept 2015.

  25. Bergsneider M, Black PM, Klinge P, Marmarou A, Relkin N. Surgical management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:S29–39; discussion ii–v.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Klinge P, Marmarou A, Bergsneider M, Relkin N, Black PM. Outcome of shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus and the value of outcome assessment in shunted patients. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:S40–52; discussion ii–v.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Marmarou A, Bergsneider M, Klinge P, Relkin N, Black PM. The value of supplemental prognostic tests for the preoperative assessment of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:S17–28; discussion ii–v.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Relkin N, Marmarou A, Klinge P, Bergsneider M, Black PM. Diagnosing idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2005;57:S4–16; discussion ii–v.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Cristofori I, Levin HS. Traumatic brain injury and cognition. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015;128:579–611.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Rabinowitz AR, Levin HS. Cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2014;37:1–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Shively S, Scher AI, Perl DP, Diaz-Arrastia R. Dementia resulting from traumatic brain injury: what is the pathology? Arch Neurol. 2012;69:1245–51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Henderson JB, Zarghouni M, Hise JH, Opatowsky MJ, Layton KF. Dementia caused by dural arteriovenous fistulas reversed following endovascular therapy. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2012;25:338–40.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hurst RW, Bagley LJ, Galetta S, Glosser G, Lieberman AP, Trojanowski J, et al. Dementia resulting from dural arteriovenous fistulas: the pathologic findings of venous hypertensive encephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:1267–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kajitani M, Yagura H, Kawahara M, Hirano M, Ueno S, Fujimoto K, et al. Treatable fluctuating Parkinsonism and dementia in a patient with a dural arteriovenous fistula. Mov Disord. 2007;22:437–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kabasakalian A, Finney GR. Reversible dementias. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2009;84:283–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lockwood AH. Toxic and metabolic encephalopathies. In: Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, editors. Bradley’s neurology in clinical practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders; 2012. p. 1321–39.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  37. Aminoff MJ, So YT. Effects of toxins and physical agents on the nervous system. In: Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, editors. Bradley’s neurology in clinical practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders; 2012. p. 1353–76.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  38. Tormoehlen LM. Toxic leukoencephalopathies. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013;36:277–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Shprecher D, Mehta L. The syndrome of delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy. NeuroRehabilitation. 2010;26:65–72.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Crossen JR, Garwood D, Glatstein E, Neuwelt EA. Neurobehavioral sequelae of cranial irradiation in adults: a review of radiation-induced encephalopathy. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:627–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. So YT, Simon RP. Deficiency diseases of the nervous system. In: Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, editors. Bradley’s neurology in clinical practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders; 2012. p. 1340–52.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  42. Teunisse S, Bollen AE, van Gool WA, Walstra GJ. Dementia and subnormal levels of vitamin B12: effects of replacement therapy on dementia. J Neurol. 1996;243:522–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Eastley R, Wilcock GK, Bucks RS. Vitamin B12 deficiency in dementia and cognitive impairment: the effects of treatment on neuropsychological function. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15:226–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Crystal HA, Ortof E, Frishman WH, Gruber A, Hershman D, Aronson M. Serum vitamin B12 levels and incidence of dementia in a healthy elderly population: a report from the Bronx Longitudinal Aging Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994;42:933–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Pennypacker LC, Allen RH, Kelly JP, Matthews LM, Grigsby J, Kaye K, et al. High prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in elderly outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:1197–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Clarnette RM, Patterson CJ. Hypothyroidism: does treatment cure dementia? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1994;7:23–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Dugbartey AT. Neurocognitive aspects of hypothyroidism. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1413–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Haupt M, Kurz A. Reversibility of dementia in hypothyroidism. J Neurol. 1993;240:333–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Stern RA, Robinson B, Thorner AR, Arruda JE, Prohaska ML, Prange Jr AJ. A survey study of neuropsychiatric complaints in patients with Graves’ disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996;8:181–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Isaac ML, Larson EB. Medical conditions with neuropsychiatric manifestations. Med Clin North Am. 2014;98:1193–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Whitmer RA, Karter AJ, Yaffe K, Quesenberry Jr CP, Selby JV. Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 2009;301:1565–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Peters TJ, Mills R. Porphyria for the neurologist: the bare essentials. Pract Neurol. 2006;6:255–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Rafiq M, Sharrack N, Shaw PJ, Hadjivassiliou M. A neurological rarity not to be missed: cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Pract Neurol. 2011;11:296–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Lyseng-Williamson KA. Miglustat: a review of its use in Niemann-Pick disease type C. Drugs. 2014;74:61–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Maubert A, Hanon C, Metton JP. Adult onset Niemann-Pick type C disease and psychosis: literature review. Encéphale. 2013;39:315–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Charrow J. Enzyme replacement therapy for Gaucher disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2009;9:121–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Mendez MF, Stanley TM, Medel NM, Li Z, Tedesco DT. The vascular dementia of Fabry’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 1997;8:252–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Anson DS, McIntyre C, Byers S. Therapies for neurological disease in the mucopolysaccharidoses. Curr Gene Ther. 2011;11:132–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, Brew BJ, Byrd DA, Cherner M, et al. Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology. 2007;69:1789–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Sacktor N, Robertson K. Evolving clinical phenotypes in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2014;9:517–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Heaton RK, Franklin DR, Ellis RJ, McCutchan JA, Letendre SL, Leblanc S, et al. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors. J Neurovirol. 2011;17:3–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Crum-Cianflone NF, Roediger MP, Moore DJ, Hale B, Weintrob A, Ganesan A, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with sleep disturbances among early-treated HIV-infected persons. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1485–94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Read PJ, Donovan B. Clinical aspects of adult syphilis. Intern Med J. 2012;42:614–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mygland A, Ljostad U, Fingerle V, Rupprecht T, Schmutzhard E, Steiner I, et al. EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of European Lyme neuroborreliosis. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:8–16. e1-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC. Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1438–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Pfister HW, Rupprecht TA. Clinical aspects of neuroborreliosis and post-Lyme disease syndrome in adult patients. Int J Med Microbiol. 2006;296 Suppl 40:11–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Vital Durand D, Gerard A, Rousset H. Neurological manifestations of Whipple disease. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2002;158:988–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ala TA, Doss RC, Sullivan CJ. Reversible dementia: a case of cryptococcal meningitis masquerading as Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2004;6:503–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kesav P, Vishnu VY, Lal V, Prabhakar S. Disseminated tuberculosis presenting as rapidly progressive dementia. QJM. 2014;107:79–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Geschwind MD, Shu H, Haman A, Sejvar JJ, Miller BL. Rapidly progressive dementia. Ann Neurol. 2008;64:97–108.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:63–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Rosenbloom MH, Smith S, Akdal G, Geschwind MD. Immunologically mediated dementias. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2009;9:359–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Afshari M, Afshari ZS, Schuele SU. Pearls & oysters: Hashimoto encephalopathy. Neurology. 2012;78:e134–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Berlit P. Diagnosis and treatment of cerebral vasculitis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2010;3:29–42.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Alba MA, Espigol-Frigole G, Prieto-Gonzalez S, Tavera-Bahillo I, Garcia-Martinez A, Butjosa M, et al. Central nervous system vasculitis: still more questions than answers. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2011;9:437–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Ferro JM. Vasculitis of the central nervous system. J Neurol. 1998;245:766–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Younger DS. Vasculitis of the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurol. 2004;17:317–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Calabrese LH, Duna GF, Lie JT. Vasculitis in the central nervous system. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:1189–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Foong J, Rozewicz L, Quaghebeur G, Thompson AJ, Miller DH, Ron MA. Neuropsychological deficits in multiple sclerosis after acute relapse. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;64:529–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Nocentini U, Pasqualetti P, Bonavita S, Buccafusca M, De Caro MF, Farina D, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2006;12:77–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Rao SM. Neuropsychology of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 1995;8:216–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Burn DJ, Bates D. Neurology and the kidney. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:810–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. McQuillan R, Jassal SV. Neuropsychiatric complications of chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010;6:471–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kurella M, Chertow GM, Fried LF, Cummings SR, Harris T, Simonsick E, et al. Chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairment in the elderly: the health, aging, and body composition study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:2127–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Murray AM, Tupper DE, Knopman DS, Gilbertson DT, Pederson SL, Li S, et al. Cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients is common. Neurology. 2006;67:216–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Griva K, Thompson D, Jayasena D, Davenport A, Harrison M, Newman SP. Cognitive functioning pre- to post-kidney transplantation–a prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:3275–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Fernandez-Rodriguez R, Contreras A, De Villoria JG, Grandas F. Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration: clinical characteristics and MRI findings. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:1463–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Meissner W, Tison F. Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011;100:193–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Dodd JW. Lung disease as a determinant of cognitive decline and dementia. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2015;7:32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Heckman GA, Patterson CJ, Demers C, St Onge J, Turpie ID, McKelvie RS. Heart failure and cognitive impairment: challenges and opportunities. Clin Interv Aging. 2007;2:209–18.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Briani C, Baracchini C, Zanette G, Zanusso G, Carollo C, Monaco S. Rapidly progressive dementia in hypereosinophilic syndrome. Eur J Neurol. 2001;8:279–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Guarnieri B, Adorni F, Musicco M, Appollonio I, Bonanni E, Caffarra P, et al. Prevalence of sleep disturbances in mild cognitive impairment and dementing disorders: a multicenter Italian clinical cross-sectional study on 431 patients. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2012;33:50–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Ancoli-Israel S, Palmer BW, Cooke JR, Corey-Bloom J, Fiorentino L, Natarajan L, et al. Cognitive effects of treating obstructive sleep apnea in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:2076–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Shastri A, Bangar S, Holmes J. Obstructive sleep apnoea and dementia: is there a link? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Dodrill CB. Progressive cognitive decline in adolescents and adults with epilepsy. Prog Brain Res. 2002;135:399–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Thompson PJ, Duncan JS. Cognitive decline in severe intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46:1780–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Beyenburg S, Elger CE, Reuber M. Acute confusion or altered mental state: consider nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Gerontology. 2007;53:388–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Sheth RD, Drazkowski JF, Sirven JI, Gidal BE, Hermann BP. Protracted ictal confusion in elderly patients. Arch Neurol. 2006;63:529–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Profitlich T, Hoppe C, Reuber M, Helmstaedter C, Bauer J. Ictal neuropsychological findings in focal nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;12:269–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Fugate JE, Rabinstein AA. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: clinical and radiological manifestations, pathophysiology, and outstanding questions. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:914–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Fong TG, Davis D, Growdon ME, Albuquerque A, Inouye SK. The interface between delirium and dementia in elderly adults. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:823–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Mendez MF, Kremen SA. Delirium. In: Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, editors. Bradley’s neurology in clinical practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders; 2012. p. 26–36.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  103. Inouye SK. Delirium in older persons. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1157–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  105. Potter GG, Steffens DC. Contribution of depression to cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults. Neurologist. 2007;13:105–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. da Silva J, Goncalves-Pereira M, Xavier M, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Affective disorders and risk of developing dementia: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;202:177–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hammar A, Ardal G. Cognitive functioning in major depression–a summary. Front Hum Neurosci. 2009;3:26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Gualtieri CT, Johnson LG, Benedict KB. Neurocognition in depression: patients on and off medication versus healthy comparison subjects. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;18:217–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Ownby RL, Crocco E, Acevedo A, John V, Loewenstein D. Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:530–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  110. Piccini C, Bracco L, Amaducci L. Treatable and reversible dementias: an update. J Neurol Sci. 1998;153:172–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. McKeith I, Cummings J. Behavioural changes and psychological symptoms in dementia disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:735–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Woolley JD, Khan BK, Murthy NK, Miller BL, Rankin KP. The diagnostic challenge of psychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative disease: rates of and risk factors for prior psychiatric diagnosis in patients with early neurodegenerative disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:126–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-Hospital de Santa Maria, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035, Lisboa, Portugal

    Ana Patrícia Antunes & Mariana Carvalho Dias

  2. Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-Hospital de Santa Maria, Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM) and Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035, Lisboa, Portugal

    Ana Verdelho

Authors
  1. Ana Patrícia Antunes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mariana Carvalho Dias
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ana Verdelho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ana Patrícia Antunes .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-Hospital de Santa Maria, Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM) and Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

    Ana Verdelho

  2. CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Center, Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

    Manuel Gonçalves-Pereira

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Antunes, A.P., Dias, M.C., Verdelho, A. (2017). Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Reversible Dementias. In: Verdelho, A., Gonçalves-Pereira, M. (eds) Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Neurological Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39138-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39138-0_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-39136-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-39138-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation