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Maternal Lifestyle Factors and Placentation

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Early Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors

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Abstract

Developing nations carry the burden of maternal malnutrition and nutrient deficiencies that ultimately contribute to adverse fetus outcome and low birth weight (LBW)-related issues. In developed nation, undernutrition is often restricted to women with eating disorder or lifestyle (smoking/alcohol) habit that increases risk for LBW. In both the cases, placenta is exposed to certain stresses that may affect the placentation. In addition to nutrition, there are several lifestyle factors, such as cigarette smoking, environmental pollution are a global threat that includes pregnant women particularly in developed countries where 15–30 % of pregnant women smoke during pregnancy. It is important to know the effect of maternal smoking, alcohol intake, and exposure to the environmental pollutants on placentation, since pregnant women if exposed to these factors during preconception to gestational life may have consequence on pregnancy outcome. Impaired placentation that ultimately influences fetus outcome is the center of many developmental disorders and contributes as an independent risk factor for the adult chronic diseases. This chapter will review the impact of maternal lifestyle behavior such as alcohol intake, maternal smoking, and environmental toxins on placental blood flow, vasculature, and angiogenesis of the placenta that includes the process of trophoblast growth and development trajectory linked with placentation that ultimately determines fetus growth and birth outcome. Specific effect of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and its metabolites, nicotine, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and their ligands on trophoblast metabolism, gene expression, nutrient uptake, and transport of the placenta and trophoblast at early and late gestation is described in this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Asim K. Duttaroy

  2. National Institute of Nutrition Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India

    Sanjay Basak

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  2. Sanjay Basak
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Duttaroy, A.K., Basak, S. (2016). Maternal Lifestyle Factors and Placentation. In: Early Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38804-5_8

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