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Fat-Soluble and Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals: Their Roles in Placentation

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Early Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors

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Abstract

Vitamins and minerals, often termed as micronutrients, serve essential roles in cellular metabolism, maintenance, and growth throughout life. Micronutrient deficiency is critical in development stages that determines long-term disease outcome. Micronutrients are also central components of many enzymes and transcription factors. The need for optimum amounts of key micronutrients at critical stages starting well before conception through ovulation, placentation, and fetus development has been documented recently. Both excesses and deficiencies of micronutrients can have long-term effects on many fetal tissues and organs due to subclinical deficiency of vitamins in the mother. Micronutrient imbalance of the developing fetus may not reflect any quantitative changes at the time of nutritional insult, but may have a permanent scar on genome imprint due to altered development circuit that manifests later in life (Hovdenak and Haram 2012). Unfortunately, supplementary correction of micronutrients later in gestation or during postnatal life cannot rescue or completely revert the detrimental effects of earlier micronutrient imbalance. In that context, periconceptional supplements and life course nutrition are being given a priority at this moment. The imbalance can affect pregnancy outcome through alterations in maternal and fetus metabolism, as a consequence of their essential role in enzymes and transcription factors and through their involvement in signal transduction pathways that regulate development. Considering wide range of micronutrients which affects development, the number of developmental stages involved, diverse biological pathways associated, and types of tissue affected, it is challenging to pool all the micronutrients in this chapter. In this chapter, the risk associated with pregnancy due to excess or little of micronutrients in periconception and preconception periods that determine fetal health and development will be discussed. The chapter will discuss the functional aspect of fat-soluble vitamins and their implication in human development involving the placenta. Overall the chapter will emphasize the functional role of the fat-soluble vitamins and key minerals in feto-placental growth and development.

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  1. Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Asim K. Duttaroy

  2. National Institute of Nutrition Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India

    Sanjay Basak

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Duttaroy, A.K., Basak, S. (2016). Fat-Soluble and Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals: Their Roles in Placentation. In: Early Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38804-5_6

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