Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mood Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

  • 1318 Accesses

Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an incapacitating condition associated with significant personal, social, and economic impairment. Nearly 30 % of patients present drug refractoriness, reinforcing the need to develop novel therapeutic strategies for MDD. TDCS might be an alternative for these patients considering its tolerability, portability and ease of use. In this chapter, we reviewed putative tDCS antidepressant mechanisms as well as clinical evidence based on open and controlled studies and meta-analyses. Present evidence indicates that tDCS may be an effective treatment strategy for MDD. Finally, there are no studies specifically examining the efficacy of tDCS in bipolar depression and mania, which are urgently needed in order to address tDCS effectiveness for bipolar disorder.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Wittchen HU, Knauper B, Kessler RC. Lifetime risk of depression. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1994;26:16–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: global burden of disease study. Lancet. 1997;349(9064):1498–504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson IM, Ferrier IN, Baldwin RC, Cowen PJ, Howard L, Lewis G, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2000 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22(4):343–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Nemeroff CB. Prevalence and management of treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68 Suppl 8:17–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Berlim MT, Turecki G. Definition, assessment, and staging of treatment-resistant refractory major depression: a review of current concepts and methods. Can J Psychiatry. 2007;52(1):46–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Stewart JW, Warden D, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(11):1905–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR, Thase ME, Quitkin F, Warden D, et al. Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(12):1243–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Mayberg HS, Brannan SK, Tekell JL, Silva JA, Mahurin RK, McGinnis S, et al. Regional metabolic effects of fluoxetine in major depression: serial changes and relationship to clinical response. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48(8):830–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bora E, Fornito A, Pantelis C, Yucel M. Gray matter abnormalities in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of voxel based morphometry studies. J Affect Disord. 2012;138(1-2):9–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Smith R, Chen K, Baxter L, Fort C, Lane RD. Antidepressant effects of sertraline associated with volume increases in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Affect Disord. 2013;146(3):414–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Peng H, Zheng H, Li L, Liu J, Zhang Y, Shan B, et al. High-frequency rTMS treatment increases white matter FA in the left middle frontal gyrus in young patients with treatment-resistant depression. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(3):249–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V, McNeely HE, Seminowicz D, Hamani C, et al. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron. 2005;45(5):651–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hamilton JP, Siemer M, Gotlib IH. Amygdala volume in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2008;13(11):993–1000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Campbell S, Macqueen G. The role of the hippocampus in the pathophysiology of major depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2004;29(6):417–26.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Maeda F, Keenan JP, Pascual-Leone A. Interhemispheric asymmetry of motor cortical excitability in major depression as measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;177:169–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bajwa S, Bermpohl F, Rigonatti SP, Pascual-Leone A, Boggio PS, Fregni F. Impaired interhemispheric interactions in patients with major depression. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(9):671–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Janocha A, Pilecki W, Bolanowski M, Malyszczak K, Salomon E, Laszki-Szczachor K, et al. Interhemispheric cerebral asymmetry detected by VEPS in diabetic patients with recognized depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009;30(1):119–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Grimm S, Beck J, Schuepbach D, Hell D, Boesiger P, Bermpohl F, et al. Imbalance between left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in major depression is linked to negative emotional judgment: an fMRI study in severe major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63(4):369–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Koenigs M, Grafman J. The functional neuroanatomy of depression: distinct roles for ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res. 2009;201(2):239–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Maletic V, Robinson M, Oakes T, Iyengar S, Ball SG, Russell J. Neurobiology of depression: an integrated view of key findings. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(12):2030–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Stahl SM. Stahl’s essential Psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  22. George MS, Lisanby SH, Avery D, McDonald WM, Durkalski V, Pavlicova M, et al. Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: a sham-controlled randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):507–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Blumberger DM, Tran LC, Fitzgerald PB, Hoy KE, Daskalakis ZJ. A randomized double-blind sham-controlled study of transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression. Front Psychiatry. 2012;3:74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Brunoni AR, Valiengo L, Baccaro A, Zanao TA, Oliveira AC, Goulart AC, et al. The sertraline versus electrical current therapy for treating depression clinical study: results from a factorial, randomized, controlled trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(4):383–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Loo CK, Alonzo A, Martin D, Mitchell PB, Galvez V, Sachdev P. Transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: 3-week, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200(1):52–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bai S, Dokos S, Ho KA, Loo C. A computational modelling study of transcranial direct current stimulation montages used in depression. Neuroimage. 2014;87:332–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Martin DM, Alonzo A, Mitchell PB, Sachdev P, Galvez V, Loo CK. Fronto-extracephalic transcranial direct current stimulation as a treatment for major depression: an open-label pilot study. J Affect Disord. 2011;134(1-3):459–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ho KA, Bai S, Martin D, Alonzo A, Dokos S, Puras P, et al. A pilot study of alternative transcranial direct current stimulation electrode montages for the treatment of major depression. J Affect Disord. 2014;167:251–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Brunoni AR, Moffa AH, Fregni F, Palm U, Padberg F, Blumberger D, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for acute major depressive episodes: meta-analysis of individual patient data. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;208:1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Alonzo A, Brassil J, Taylor JL, Martin D, Loo CK. Daily transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) leads to greater increases in cortical excitability than second daily transcranial direct current stimulation. Brain Stimul. 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Brunoni AR, Ferrucci R, Bortolomasi M, Scelzo E, Boggio PS, Fregni F, et al. Interactions between transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and pharmacological interventions in the major depressive episode: findings from a naturalistic study. Eur Psychiatry. 2013;28(6):356–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Segrave RA, Arnold S, Hoy K, Fitzgerald PB. Concurrent cognitive control training augments the antidepressant efficacy of tDCS: a pilot study. Brain Stimul. 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Brunoni AR, Boggio PS, De Raedt R, Bensenor IM, Lotufo PA, Namur V, et al. Cognitive control therapy and transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2014;162:43–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Moreno ML, Vanderhasselt MA, Carvalho AF, Moffa AH, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM, et al. Effects of acute transcranial direct current stimulation in hot and cold working memory tasks in healthy and depressed subjects. Neurosci Lett. 2015;591:126–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Zanao TA, Moffa AH, Shiozawa P, Lotufo PA, Bensenor IM, Brunoni AR. Impact of two or less missing treatment sessions on tDCS clinical efficacy: results from a factorial, randomized, controlled trial in major depression. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(8):737–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wolkenstein L, Plewnia C. Amelioration of cognitive control in depression by transcranial direct current stimulation. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73(7):646–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Player M, Taylor J, Weickert CS, Alonzo A, Sachdev P, Martin D, et al. Increase in PAS-induced neuroplasticity after a treatment course of transcranial direct current stimulation for depression. J Affect Disord. 2014;167:140–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Brunoni AR, Kemp AH, Shiozawa P, Cordeiro Q, Valiengo LC, Goulart AC, et al. Impact of 5-HTTLPR and BDNF polymorphisms on response to sertraline versus transcranial direct current stimulation: Implications for the serotonergic system. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23(11):1530–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Nitsche MA, Kuo MF, Karrasch R, Wachter B, Liebetanz D, Paulus W. Serotonin affects transcranial direct current-induced neuroplasticity in humans. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66(5):503–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Klein M, Camardo J, Kandel ER. Serotonin modulates a specific potassium current in the sensory neurons that show presynaptic facilitation in aplysia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79(18):5713–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Leonard BE, Myint A. The psychoneuroimmunology of depression. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2009;24(3):165–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Drevets WC, Price JL, Furey ML. Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression. Brain Struct Funct. 2008;213(1-2):93–118.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Hariri AR, Drabant EM, Munoz KE, Kolachana BS, Mattay VS, Egan MF, et al. A susceptibility gene for affective disorders and the response of the human amygdala. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(2):146–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Nitsche MA, Kuo MF, Grosch J, Bergner C, Monte-Silva K, Paulus W. D1-receptor impact on neuroplasticity in humans. J Neurosci. 2009;29(8):2648–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Monte-Silva K, Kuo MF, Thirugnanasambandam N, Liebetanz D, Paulus W, Nitsche MA. Dose-dependent inverted U-shaped effect of dopamine (D2-like) receptor activation on focal and nonfocal plasticity in humans. J Neurosci. 2009;29(19):6124–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Plewnia C, Zwissler B, Langst I, Maurer B, Giel K, Kruger R. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on executive functions: influence of COMT Val/Met polymorphism. Cortex. 2013;49(7):1801–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Nieratschker V, Kiefer C, Giel K, Kruger R, Plewnia C. The COMT Val/Met polymorphism modulates effects of tDCS on response inhibition. Brain Stimul. 2015;8(2):283–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kemp AH, Quintana DS, Gray MA, Felmingham KL, Brown K, Gatt J. Impact of depression and antidepressant treatment on heart rate variability: a review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(11):1067–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Brunoni AR, Kemp AH, Dantas EM, Goulart AC, Nunes MA, Boggio PS, et al. Heart rate variability is a trait marker of major depressive disorder: evidence from the sertraline vs. electric current therapy to treat depression clinical study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(9):1937–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Brunoni AR, Lopes M, Fregni F. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels: implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11(8):1169–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Brunoni AR, Machado-Vieira R, Zarate Jr CA, Vieira EL, Vanderhasselt MA, Nitsche MA, et al. BDNF plasma levels after antidepressant treatment with sertraline and transcranial direct current stimulation: Results from a factorial, randomized, sham-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24(7):1144–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Brunoni AR, Machado-Vieira R, Zarate Jr CA, Vieira EL, Valiengo L, Bensenor IM, et al. Assessment of non-BDNF neurotrophins and GDNF levels after depression treatment with sertraline and transcranial direct current stimulation in a factorial, randomized, sham-controlled trial (SELECT-TDCS): an exploratory analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2014;56C:91–6.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Brunoni AR, Machado-Vieira R, Zarate CA, Valiengo L, Vieira EL, Bensenor IM, et al. Cytokines plasma levels during antidepressant treatment with sertraline and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): results from a factorial, randomized, controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2014;231(7):1315–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Arfai E, Theano G, Montagu JD, Robin AA. A controlled study of polarization in depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1970;116(533):433–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Redfearn JW, Lippold OC, Costain R. A preliminary account of the clinical effects of polarizing the brain in certain psychiatric disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 1964;110:773–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Nitsche MA, Boggio PS, Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A. Treatment of depression with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): a review. Exp Neurol. 2009;219(1):14–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Arul-Anandam AP, Loo C. Transcranial direct current stimulation: a new tool for the treatment of depression? J Affect Disord. 2009;117(3):137–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Murphy DN, Boggio P, Fregni F. Transcranial direct current stimulation as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of major depression: insights from past and recent clinical studies. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2009;22(3):306–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Rigonatti SP, Boggio PS, Myczkowski ML, Otta E, Fiquer JT, Ribeiro RB, et al. Transcranial direct stimulation and fluoxetine for the treatment of depression. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23(1):74–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ferrucci R, Bortolomasi M, Vergari M, Tadini L, Salvoro B, Giacopuzzi M, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation in severe, drug-resistant major depression. J Affect Disord. 2009;118(1-3):215–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ferrucci R, Bortolomasi M, Brunoni AR, Vergares M, Tadini L, Giacopuzzi M, et al. Comparative benefits of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) treatment in patients with mild/moderate vs. severe depression. Clin Neuropsychiatr. 2009;6:246–51.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Brunoni AR, Ferrucci R, Bortolomasi M, Vergari M, Tadini L, Boggio PS, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in unipolar vs. bipolar depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35(1):96–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Dell'osso B, Zanoni S, Ferrucci R, Vergari M, Castellano F, D'Urso N, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for the outpatient treatment of poor-responder depressed patients. Eur Psychiatry. 2012;27(7):513–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Brunoni AR, Ferrucci R, Bortolomasi M, Scelzo E, Boggio PS, Fregni F, et al. Interactions between transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and pharmacological interventions in the major depressive episode: findings from a naturalistic study. Eur Psychiatry. 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Fregni F, Boggio PS, Nitsche MA, Marcolin MA, Rigonatti SP, Pascual-Leone A. Treatment of major depression with transcranial direct current stimulation. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8(2):203–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Fregni F, Boggio PS, Nitsche MA, Rigonatti SP, Pascual-Leone A. Cognitive effects of repeated sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with depression. Depress Anxiety. 2006;23(8):482–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Boggio PS, Rigonatti SP, Ribeiro RB, Myczkowski ML, Nitsche MA, Pascual-Leone A, et al. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial on the efficacy of cortical direct current stimulation for the treatment of major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11(2):249–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Loo CK, Sachdev P, Martin D, Pigot M, Alonzo A, Malhi GS, et al. A double-blind, sham-controlled trial of transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;13(1):61–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Palm U, Schiller C, Fintescu Z, Obermeier M, Keeser D, Reisinger E, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation in treatment resistant depression: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Brain Stimul. 2012;5(3):242–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Valiengo L, Bensenor IM, Goulart AC, de Oliveira JF, Zanao TA, Boggio PS, et al. The sertraline versus electrical current therapy for treating depression clinical study (SELECT-TDCS): results of the crossover and follow-up phases. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(7):646–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Bennabi D, Nicolier M, Monnin J, Tio G, Pazart L, Vandel P, et al. Pilot study of feasibility of the effect of treatment with tDCS in patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression treated with escitalopram. Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;126(6):1185–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Martin DM, Alonzo A, Ho KA, Player M, Mitchell PB, Sachdev P, et al. Continuation transcranial direct current stimulation for the prevention of relapse in major depression. J Affect Disord. 2013;144(3):274–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Kalu UG, Sexton CE, Loo CK, Ebmeier KP. Transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of major depression: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2012;42(9):1791–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Berlim MT, Van den Eynde F, Daskalakis ZJ. Clinical utility of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for treating major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(1):1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Shiozawa P, Fregni F, Bensenor IM, Lotufo PA, Berlim MT, Daskalakis JZ, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for major depression: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;17(9):1443–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. de Pereira-Junior SB, Tortella G, Lafer B, Nunes P, Bensenor IM, Lotufo PA, et al. The bipolar depression electrical treatment trial (BETTER): design, rationale, and objectives of a randomized, sham-controlled trial and data from the pilot study phase. Neural Plast. 2015;2015:684025.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Schestatsky P, Janovik N, Lobato MI, Belmonte-de-Abreu P, Schestatsky S, Shiozawa P, et al. Rapid therapeutic response to anodal tDCS of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in acute mania. Brain Stimul. 2013;6(4):701–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Arul-Anandam AP, Loo C, Mitchell P. Induction of hypomanic episode with transcranial direct current stimulation. J ECT. 2010;26(1):68–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Baccaro A, Brunoni AR, Bensenor M, Fregni F. Hypomanic episode in unipolar depression during transcranial direct current stimulation. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2010;22(6):316–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Galvez V, Alonzo A, Martin D, Mitchell PB, Sachdev P, Loo CK. Hypomania induction in a patient with bipolar II disorder by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). J ECT. 2011;27(3):256–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Brunoni AR, Valiengo L, Zanao T, de Oliveira JF, Bensenor IM, Fregni F. Manic psychosis after sertraline and transcranial direct-current stimulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011;23(3):E4–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT. Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med. 2008;5(2), e45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Valiengo LC, Bensenor IM, Lotufo PA, Fraguas Jr R, Brunoni AR. Transcranial direct current stimulation and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in consultation-liaison psychiatry. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2013;46(10):815–908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Charvet LE, Kasschau M, Datta A, Knotkova H, Stevens MC, Alonzo A, et al. Remotely-supervised transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for clinical trials: guidelines for technology and protocols. Front Syst Neurosci. 2015;9:26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Ho KA, Bai S, Martin D, Alonzo A, Dokos S, Loo CK. Clinical pilot study and computational modeling of bitemporal transcranial direct current stimulation, and safety of repeated courses of treatment, in major depression. J ECT. 2015;31(4):226–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation, University Hospital & Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    André Brunoni

  2. School of Psychiatry, Black Dog Institute & St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Colleen Loo

Authors
  1. André Brunoni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Colleen Loo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to André Brunoni .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation Department and Institute of Psychiatry Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), University Hospital and Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    André Brunoni

  2. Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environments and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany

    Michael Nitsche

  3. School of Psychiatry Black Dog Institute & St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Colleen Loo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brunoni, A., Loo, C. (2016). Mood Disorders. In: Brunoni, A., Nitsche, M., Loo, C. (eds) Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33967-2_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33967-2_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33965-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-33967-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation