Abstract
Megacities in the developing world face strong disaster risk, especially when they are situated in low-lying coastal locations and present high social and economic inequalities. In this sense, they are typically interesting case studies on disaster risk reduction (DRR). The Jakarta and Mumbai metropolitan areas are both highly prone to hazards related to water—whether it is flooding, a lack of drinking water, or issues around water pollution. Poor communities from slum areas are particularly vulnerable to such disasters, especially because they have a limited means of protection. At first sight and from an outsider’s view, they tend to adopt hazardous behaviors when faced with these threats. They are perceived to put themselves at risk and worsen the situation because of inappropriate practices. Through a geo-ethnographical and social approach, this chapter aims to better understand these practices by tracking the root causes and underpinning factors of vulnerability in slums in Jakarta and Mumbai through the testing of assumptions from two conceptual frameworks of research about disaster risk. The results emphasize the everyday dimension of these disasters, which are embedded within long processes of marginalization toward resource access. Migration from rural provinces to these cities can thus be identified as a root cause of vulnerability since migrants are deprived of many rights to access the resources needed to sustain their basic needs (for example, social support, a functioning water network). Within an international context, the results then highlight structural management problems and inadequate attention to risk reduction strategies in the political process around land-use planning. Finally, the chapter discusses some key ways forward for implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015 and the new Sendai Framework for DRR (SFDRR) 2015–2030, with particular reference to the integration of DRR into large-scale development projects and the necessity to involve local communities in this process of de-marginalization.
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Notes
- 1.
Kampung is the Indonesian word to designate urban villages, which compose the mosaic of Jakarta city.
- 2.
No other disaster linked to floods was detected in Mumbai since then.
- 3.
As recommended within the PAR model from Wisner et al. (2004).
- 4.
According to the Jakarta Post, 15th of February 2015.
- 5.
The impact of this practice on flooding compared to other factors, i.e., rainwater run-off from impervious urban surfaces and land deforestation in upper catchment area, is not proved and quantified.
- 6.
We will see below the real reasons explaining this practice and the various solutions that can be proposed.
- 7.
A small apartment costs around 300 euros when most of the population has a monthly income of only 250 euros.
- 8.
Other natural threats as landslides, volcanic eruptions, or even technological threats are concerned.
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Texier-Teixeira, P., Edelblutte, E. (2017). Jakarta: Mumbai—Two Megacities Facing Floods Engaged in a Marginalization Process of Slum Areas. In: Sudmeier-Rieux, K., Fernández, M., Penna, I., Jaboyedoff, M., Gaillard, J. (eds) Identifying Emerging Issues in Disaster Risk Reduction, Migration, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33880-4_6
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