Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Zootechnical Issues in Small Animal Imaging

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Quality in Nuclear Medicine

  • 1000 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter is focused on animal handling during rodent imaging. Particularly in studies of peripheral organs, the nutritional status of an animal may affect the imaging results. Anesthetics can also have a strong impact on scan data, for example, in drug research or studies of the brain. Physiological parameters like body temperature, heart rate, ventilation frequency, and oxygenation of the blood should always be carefully monitored and be kept close to their normal values or be standardized as much as possible when data from different animals are compared. Most PET and SPECT studies have employed the intravenous route for tracer administration. Several other routes are possible although these are probably not as widely applicable. For many studies, the combination of functional (PET, SPECT, fMRI) and anatomic (CT, US, MRI) imaging offers significant advantages, particularly if functional and anatomic data can be acquired simultaneously.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adachi YU, Yamada S, Satomoto M, Higuchi H, Watanabe K, Kazama T. Isoflurane anesthesia induces biphasic effect on dopamine release in the rat striatum. Brain Res Bull. 2005;67:176–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alstrup AK, Smith DF. Anaesthesia for positron emission tomography scanning of animal brains. Lab Anim. 2013;47:12–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alstrup AK, Simonsen M, Landau AM. Type of anesthesia influences positron emission tomography measurements of dopamine D2/D3 receptor binding in the rat brain. Scand J Lab Anim Sci. 2011;38:195–200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alstrup AK, Landau AM, Holden JE, Jakobsen S, Schacht AC, Audrain H, Wegener G, Hansen AK, Gjedde A, Doudet DJ. Effects of anesthesia and species on the uptake or binding of radioligands in vivo in the Göttingen minipig. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:808713.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Asgharian B, Kelly JT, Tewksbury EW. Respiratory deposition and inhalability of monodisperse aerosols in Long-Evans rats. Toxicol Sci. 2003;71:104–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baba JS, Endres CJ, Foss CA, Nimmagadda S, Jung H, Goddard JS, Lee S, McKisson J, Smith MF, Stolin AV, Weisenberger AG, Pomper MG. Molecular imaging of conscious, unrestrained mice with AwakeSPECT. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:969–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Becerra L, Chang PC, Bishop J, Borsook D. CNS activation maps in awake rats exposed to thermal stimuli to the dorsum of the hindpaw. Neuroimage. 2011;54:1355–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown K, Badar A, Sunassee K, Fernandes MA, Shariff H, Jurcevic S, Blower PJ, Sacks SH, Mullen GE, Wong W. SPECT/CT lymphoscintigraphy of heterotopic cardiac grafts reveals novel sites of lymphatic drainage and T cell priming. Am J Transplant. 2011;11:225–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buscher K, Judenhofer MS, Kuhlmann MT, Hermann S, Wehrl HF, Schäfers KP, Schäfers M, Pichler BJ, Stegger L. Isochronous assessment of cardiac metabolism and function in mice using hybrid PET/MRI. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:1277–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byas-Smith MG, Li J, Szlam F, Eaton DC, Votaw JR, Denson DD. Isoflurane induces dopamine transporter trafficking into the cell cytoplasm. Synapse. 2004;53:68–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson SK, Classic KL, Hadac EM, Bender CE, Kemp BJ, Lowe VJ, Hoskin TL, Russell SJ. In vivo quantitation of intratumoral radioisotope uptake using micro-single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography. Mol Imaging Biol. 2006;8:324–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casteels C, Bormans G, Van Laere K. The effect of anaesthesia on [18F]MK-9470 binding to the type 1 cannabinoid receptor in the rat brain. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:1164–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavazzuti M, Porro CA, Biral GP, Benassi C, Barbieri GC. Ketamine effects on local cerebral blood flow and metabolism in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1987;7:806–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen YY, Shih YY, Lo YC, Lu PL, Tsang S, Jaw FS, Liu RS. MicroPET imaging of noxious thermal stimuli in the conscious rat brain. Somatosens Mot Res. 2010;27:69–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang N, Schwab JM, Fredman G, Kasuga K, Gelman S, Serhan CN. Anesthetics impact the resolution of inflammation. PLoS One. 2008;3:e1879.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Crosby G, Crane AM, Sokoloff L. Local changes in cerebral glucose utilization during ketamine anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1982;56:437–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Croteau E, Benard F, Bentourkia M, Rousseau J, Paquette M, Lecomte R. Quantitative myocardial perfusion and coronary reserve in rats with 13N-ammonia and small animal PET: impact of anesthesia and pharmacologic stress agents. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1924–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dam M, Ori C, Pizzolato G, Ricchieri GL, Pellegrini A, Giron GP, Battistin L. The effects of propofol anesthesia on local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat. Anesthesiology. 1990;73:499–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du C, Tully M, Volkow ND, Schiffer WK, Yu M, Luo Z, Koretsky AP, Benveniste H. Differential effects of anesthetics on cocaine’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in brain. Eur J Neurosci. 2009;30:1565–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eintrei C, Sokoloff L, Smith CB. Effects of diazepam and ketamine administered individually or in combination on regional rates of glucose utilization in rat brain. Br J Anaesth. 1999;82:596–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elfving B, Bjornholm B, Knudsen GM. Interference of anaesthetics with radioligand binding in neuroreceptor studies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:912–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farace P, Conti G, Merigo F, Tambalo S, Marzola P, Sbarbati A, Quarta C, D’Ambrosio D, Chondrogiannis S, Nanni C, Rubello D. Potential role of combined FDG PET/CT and contrast enhancement MRI in a rectal carcinoma model with nodal metastases characterized by a poor FDG-avidity. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81:658–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fendrich V, Schneider R, Maitra A, Jacobsen ID, Opfermann T, Bartsch DK. Detection of precursor lesions of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in PET-CT in a genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Neoplasia. 2011;13:180–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris CF, Febo M, Luo F, Schmidt K, Brevard M, Harder JA, Kulkarni P, Messenger T, King JA. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in conscious animals: a new tool in behavioural neuroscience research. J Neuroendocrinol. 2006;18:307–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Flores JE, McFarland LM, Vanderbilt A, Ogasawara AK, Williams SP. The effects of anesthetic agent and carrier gas on blood glucose and tissue uptake in mice undergoing dynamic FDG-PET imaging: sevoflurane and isoflurane compared in air and in oxygen. Mol Imaging Biol. 2008;10:192–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flores LG, Bertolini S, Yeh HH, Young D, Mukhopadhyay U, Pal A, Ying Y, Volgin A, Shavrin A, Soghomonyan S, Tong W, Bornmann W, Alauddin MM, Logsdon C, Gelovani JG. Detection of pancreatic carcinomas by imaging lactose-binding protein expression in peritumoral pancreas using [18F]fluoroethyl-deoxylactose PET/CT. PLoS One. 2009;4:e7977.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ford AP, Marsden CA. Influence of anaesthetics on rat striatal dopamine metabolism in vivo. Brain Res. 1986;379:162–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fortis S, Spieth PM, Lu WY, Parotto M, Haitsma JJ, Slutsky AS, Zhong N, Mazer CD, Zhang H. Effects of anesthetic regimes on inflammatory responses in a rat model of acute lung injury. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:1548–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs K, Kukuk D, Mahling M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Reischl G, Reutershan J, Lang F, Rocken M, Pichler BJ, Kneilling M. Impact of anesthetics on 3’-[18F]fluoro-3’-deoxythymidine ([18F]FLT) uptake in animal models of cancer and inflammation. Mol Imaging. 2013;12:277–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fueger BJ, Czernin J, Hildebrandt I, Tran C, Halpern BS, Stout D, Phelps ME, Weber WA. Impact of animal handling on the results of 18F-FDG PET studies in mice. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:999–1006.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gargiulo S, Greco A, Gramanzini M, Esposito S, Affuso A, Brunetti A, Vesce G. Mice anesthesia, analgesia, and care, Part I: anesthetic considerations in preclinical research. ILARJ. 2012a;53:E55–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gargiulo S, Greco A, Gramanzini M, Esposito S, Affuso A, Brunetti A, Vesce G. Mice anesthesia, analgesia, and care, Part II: anesthetic considerations in preclinical imaging studies. ILARJ. 2012b;53:E70–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gargiulo S, Greco A, Gramanzini M, Petretta MP, Ferro A, Larobina M, Panico M, Brunetti A, Cuocolo A. PET/CT imaging in mouse models of myocardial ischemia. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012c;2012:541872.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison JC, Rold TL, Sieckman GL, Figueroa SD, Volkert WA, Jurisson SS, Hoffman TJ. In vivo evaluation and small-animal PET/CT of a prostate cancer mouse model using 64Cu bombesin analogs: side-by-side comparison of the CB-TE2A and DOTA chelation systems. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1327–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gildehaus FJ, Haasters F, Drosse I, Wagner E, Zach C, Mutschler W, Cumming P, Bartenstein P, Schieker M. Impact of indium-111 oxine labelling on viability of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, and 3D cell-tracking using SPECT/CT in vivo. Mol Imaging Biol. 2011;13:1204–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gjedde A, Rasmussen M. Pentobarbital anesthesia reduces blood-brain glucose transfer in the rat. J Neurochem. 1980;35:1382–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goethals LR, De GF, Vanhove C, Roosens B, Devos H, Lahoutte T. Improved quantification in pinhole gated myocardial perfusion SPECT using micro-CT and ultrasound information. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2012;7:167–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greco A, Petretta MP, Larobina M, Gargiulo S, Panico M, Nekolla SG, Esposito G, Petretta M, Brunetti A, Cuocolo A. Reproducibility and accuracy of non-invasive measurement of infarct size in mice with high-resolution PET/CT. J Nucl Cardiol. 2012;19:492–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greeuw I, Bergstra R. Retro-orbitale injectie van radioactieve stoffen bij gebruik in een PET scanner. Biotechniek. 2013;5:9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groman EV, Reinhardt CP. Method to quantify tail vein injection technique in small animals. Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci. 2004;43:35–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall RI, Ross LH, Bozovic M, Grant JP. A simple method of obtaining repeated venous blood samples from the conscious rat. J Surg Res. 1984;36:92–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen TD, Warner DS, Todd MM, Vust LJ, Trawick DC. Distribution of cerebral blood flow during halothane versus isoflurane anesthesia in rats. Anesthesiology. 1988;69:332–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanusch C, Hoeger S, Beck GC. Anaesthesia of small rodents during magnetic resonance imaging. Methods. 2007;43:68–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayakawa T, Mutoh M, Imai T, Tsuta K, Yanaka A, Fujii H, Yoshimoto M. SPECT/CT of lung nodules using 111In-DOTA-c(RGDfK) in a mouse lung carcinogenesis model. Ann Nucl Med. 2013;27:640–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrich KS, Kochanek PM, Melick JA, Schiding JK, Statler KD, Williams DS, Marion DW, Ho C. Cerebral perfusion during anesthesia with fentanyl, isoflurane, or pentobarbital in normal rats studied by arterial spin-labeled MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2001;46:202–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herzog H. PET/MRI: challenges, solutions and perspectives. Z Med Phys. 2012;22:281–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herzog H, Pietrzyk U, Shah NJ, Ziemons K. The current state, challenges and perspectives of MR-PET. Neuroimage. 2010;49:2072–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrandt IJ, Su H, Weber WA. Anesthesia and other considerations for in vivo imaging of small animals. ILARJ. 2008;49:17–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodes JE, Soncrant TT, Larson DM, Carlson SG, Rapoport SI. Selective changes in local cerebral glucose utilization induced by phenobarbital in the rat. Anesthesiology. 1985;63:633–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosoi R, Matsumura A, Mizokawa S, Tanaka M, Nakamura F, Kobayashi K, Watanabe Y, Inoue O. MicroPET detection of enhanced 18F-FDG utilization by PKA inhibitor in awake rat brain. Brain Res. 2005;1039:199–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huhtala T, Laakkonen P, Sallinen H, Yla-Herttuala S, Narvanen A. In vivo SPECT/CT imaging of human orthotopic ovarian carcinoma xenografts with 111In-labeled monoclonal antibodies. Nucl Med Biol. 2010;37:957–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Itoh T, Abe K, Zoghbi SS, Inoue O, Hong J, Imaizumi M, Pike VW, Innis RB, Fujita M. PET measurement of the in vivo affinity of 11C-(R)-rolipram and the density of its target, phosphodiesterase-4, in the brains of conscious and anesthetized rats. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:749–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jan ML, Chuang KS, Chen GW, Ni YC, Chen S, Chang CH, Wu J, Lee TW, Fu YK. A three-dimensional registration method for automated fusion of micro PET-CT-SPECT whole-body images. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2005;24:886–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jespersen B, Knupp L, Northcott CA. Femoral arterial and venous catheterization for blood sampling, drug administration and conscious blood pressure and heart rate measurements. J Vis Exp. 2012;59:(pii: 3496).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jobse BN, Rhem RG, McCurry CA, Wang IQ, Labiris NR. Imaging lung function in mice using SPECT/CT and per-voxel analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7:e42187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Judenhofer MS, Wehrl HF, Newport DF, Catana C, Siegel SB, Becker M, Thielscher A, Kneilling M, Lichy MP, Eichner M, Klingel K, Reischl G, Widmaier S, Rocken M, Nutt RE, Machulla HJ, Uludag K, Cherry SR, Claussen CD, Pichler BJ. Simultaneous PET-MRI: a new approach for functional and morphological imaging. Nat Med. 2008;14:459–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kersemans V, Cornelissen B, Hueting R, Tredwell M, Hussien K, Allen PD, Falzone N, Hill SA, Dilworth JR, Gouverneur V, Muschel RJ, Smart SC. Hypoxia imaging using PET and SPECT: the effects of anesthetic and carrier gas on [64Cu]-ATSM, [99mTc]-HL91 and [18F]-FMISO tumor hypoxia accumulation. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25911.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kilbourn MR, Ma B, Butch ER, Quesada C, Sherman PS. Anesthesia increases in vivo N-([18F]fluoroethyl)piperidinyl benzilate binding to the muscarinic cholinergic receptor. Nucl Med Biol. 2007;34:479–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King JA, Garelick TS, Brevard ME, Chen W, Messenger TL, Duong TQ, Ferris CF. Procedure for minimizing stress for fMRI studies in conscious rats. J Neurosci Methods. 2005;148:154–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kononov A, Browne EZ, Alexander F, Porvasnik S. Continuous rat intravenous infusion. Microsurgery. 1994;15:443–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubota K, Fukuda H, Yamada K, Endo S, Ito M, Abe Y, Yamaguchi T, Fujiwara T, Sato T, Yamaura H. Experimental pancreas imaging study with 13N-glutamate using positron computer tomography. Eur J Nucl Med. 1983;8:528–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuehl PJ, Anderson TL, Candelaria G, Gershman B, Harlin K, Hesterman JY, Holmes T, Hoppin J, Lackas C, Norenberg JP, Yu H, McDonald JD. Regional particle size dependent deposition of inhaled aerosols in rats and mice. Inhal Toxicol. 2012;24:27–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lahti KM, Ferris CF, Li F, Sotak CH, King JA. Imaging brain activity in conscious animals using functional MRI. J Neurosci Methods. 1998;82:75–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaManna JC, Harik SI. Regional studies of blood-brain barrier transport of glucose and leucine in awake and anesthetized rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1986;6:717–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lasnon C, Quak E, Briand M, Gu Z, Louis MH, Aide N. Contrast-enhanced small-animal PET/CT in cancer research: strong improvement of diagnostic accuracy without significant alteration of quantitative accuracy and NEMA NU 4-2008 image quality parameters. EJNMMI Res. 2013;3:5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KH, Ko BH, Paik JY, Jung KH, Choe YS, Choi Y, Kim BT. Effects of anesthetic agents and fasting duration on 18F-FDG biodistribution and insulin levels in tumor-bearing mice. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:1531–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenz C, Rebel A, Van AK, Kuschinsky W, Waschke KF. Local cerebral blood flow, local cerebral glucose utilization, and flow-metabolism coupling during sevoflurane versus isoflurane anesthesia in rats. Anesthesiology. 1998;89:1480–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenz C, Frietsch T, Futterer C, Rebel A, Van AK, Kuschinsky W, Waschke KF. Local coupling of cerebral blood flow to cerebral glucose metabolism during inhalational anesthesia in rats: desflurane versus isoflurane. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:1720–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li D, Patel AR, Klibanov AL, Kramer CM, Ruiz M, Kang BY, Mehta JL, Beller GA, Glover DK, Meyer CH. Molecular imaging of atherosclerotic plaques targeted to oxidized LDL receptor LOX-1 by SPECT/CT and magnetic resonance. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:464–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li ZC, Jiang SD, Yan J, Jiang LS, Dai LY. Small-animal PET/CT assessment of bone microdamage in ovariectomized rats. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:769–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin KJ, Liu HL, Hsu PH, Chung YH, Huang WC, Chen JC, Wey SP, Yen TC, Hsiao IT. Quantitative micro-SPECT/CT for detecting focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening in the rat. Nucl Med Biol. 2009;36:853–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maekawa T, Tommasino C, Shapiro HM, Keifer-Goodman J, Kohlenberger RW. Local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization during isoflurane anesthesia in the rat. Anesthesiology. 1986;65:144–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maramraju SH, Smith SD, Junnarkar SS, Schulz D, Stoll S, Ravindranath B, Purschke ML, Rescia S, Southekal S, Pratte JF, Vaska P, Woody CL, Schlyer DJ. Small animal simultaneous PET/MRI: initial experiences in a 9.4 T microMRI. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:2459–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mashhedi H, Blouin MJ, Zakikhani M, David S, Zhao Y, Bazile M, Birman E, Algire C, Aliaga A, Bedell BJ, Pollak M. Metformin abolishes increased tumor [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake associated with a high energy diet. Cell Cycle. 2011;10:2770–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumura A, Mizokawa S, Tanaka M, Wada Y, Nozaki S, Nakamura F, Shiomi S, Ochi H, Watanabe Y. Assessment of microPET performance in analyzing the rat brain under different types of anesthesia: comparison between quantitative data obtained with microPET and ex vivo autoradiography. Neuroimage. 2003;20:2040–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick PN, Ginovart N, Wilson AA. Isoflurane anaesthesia differentially affects the amphetamine sensitivity of agonist and antagonist D2/D3 positron emission tomography radiotracers: implications for in vivo imaging of dopamine release. Mol Imaging Biol. 2011;13:737–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mirbolooki MR, Upadhyay SK, Constantinescu CC, Pan ML, Mukherjee J. Adrenergic pathway activation enhances brown adipose tissue metabolism: a [18F]FDG PET/CT study in mice. Nucl Med Biol. 2014;41:10–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizuma H, Shukuri M, Hayashi T, Watanabe Y, Onoe H. Establishment of in vivo brain imaging method in conscious mice. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:1068–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Momosaki S, Hatano K, Kawasumi Y, Kato T, Hosoi R, Kobayashi K, Inoue O, Ito K. Rat-PET study without anesthesia: anesthetics modify the dopamine D1 receptor binding in rat brain. Synapse. 2004;54:207–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nahrendorf M, Zhang H, Hembrador S, Panizzi P, Sosnovik DE, Aikawa E, Libby P, Swirski FK, Weissleder R. Nanoparticle PET-CT imaging of macrophages in inflammatory atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2008;117:379–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nahrendorf M, Keliher E, Panizzi P, Zhang H, Hembrador S, Figueiredo JL, Aikawa E, Kelly K, Libby P, Weissleder R. [18F]-4V for PET-CT imaging of VCAM-1 expression in atherosclerosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:1213–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nanni C, Pettinato C, Ambrosini V, Spinelli A, Trespidi S, Rubello D, Al-Nahhas A, Franchi R, Alavi A, Fanti S. Retro-orbital injection is an effective route for radiopharmaceutical administration in mice during small-animal PET studies. Nucl Med Commun. 2007;28:547–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nayak TK, Bernardo M, Milenic DE, Choyke PL, Brechbiel MW. Orthotopic pleural mesothelioma in mice: SPECT/CT and MR imaging with HER1- and HER2-targeted radiolabeled antibodies. Radiology. 2013;267:173–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ori C, Dam M, Pizzolato G, Battistin L, Giron G. Effects of isoflurane anesthesia on local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat. Anesthesiology. 1986;65:152–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne DR, Yan S, Stuckey A, Pryer L, Richey T, Wall JS. Characterization of X-ray dose in murine animals using microCT, a New Low-Dose detector and nanoDot dosimeters. PLoS One. 2012;7:e49936.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Palko HA, Fung JY, Louie AY. Positron emission tomography: a novel technique for investigating the biodistribution and transport of nanoparticles. Inhal Toxicol. 2010;22:657–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park SS, Chunta JL, Robertson JM, Martinez AA, Oliver Wong CY, Amin M, Wilson GD, Marples B. MicroPET/CT imaging of an orthotopic model of human glioblastoma multiforme and evaluation of pulsed low-dose irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;80:885–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pascau J, Vaquero JJ, Chamorro-Servent J, Rodriguez-Ruano A, Desco M. A method for small-animal PET/CT alignment calibration. Phys Med Biol. 2012;57:N199–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel VD, Lee DE, Alexoff DL, Dewey SL, Schiffer WK. Imaging dopamine release with positron emission tomography (PET) and [11C]-raclopride in freely moving animals. Neuroimage. 2008;41:1051–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paul R, Kiuru A, Soderstrom KO, Tuominen J, Johansson R, Haaparanta M, Roeda D, Solin O. Organ and tumor distribution of [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in fasting and non-fasting rats. Life Sci. 1987;40:1609–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paul S, Khanapur S, Sijbesma JW, Ishiwata K, Elsinga PH, Meerlo P, Dierckx RA, Van Waarde A. Use of [11C]-MPDX and PET to study adenosine A1 receptor occupancy by nonradioactive agonists and antagonists. JNuclMed. 2014;55:315–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng F, Lutsenko S, Sun X, Muzik O. Imaging copper metabolism imbalance in Atp7b (-/-) knockout mouse model of Wilson’s disease with PET-CT and orally administered [64Cu]Cl2. Mol Imaging Biol. 2012;14:600–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peternel L, Skrajnar S, Cerne M. A comparative study of four permanent cannulation procedures in rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2010;61:20–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petroni D, Menichetti L, Sorace O, Poli M, Vanasia M, Salvadori PA. [11C]diclofenac sodium: synthesis and PET assessment of transdermal penetration. Nucl Med Biol. 2011;38:181–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pool SE, ten Hagen TL, Koelewijn S, de J M, Koning GA. Multimodality imaging of somatostatin receptor-positive tumors with nuclear and bioluminescence imaging. Mol Imaging. 2012;11:27–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radonjic M, Cappaert NL, de Vries EF, de Esch CE, Kuper FC, van Waarde A, Dierckx RA, Wadman WJ, Wolterbeek AP, Stierum RH, de Groot DM. Delay and impairment in brain development and function in rat offspring after maternal exposure to methylmercury. Toxicol Sci. 2013;133:112–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raty JK, Liimatainen T, Huhtala T, Kaikkonen MU, Airenne KJ, Hakumaki JM, Narvanen A, Yla-Herttuala S. SPECT/CT imaging of baculovirus biodistribution in rat. Gene Ther. 2007;14:930–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raylman RR, Majewski S, Velan SS, Lemieux S, Kross B, Popov V, Smith MF, Weisenberger AG. Simultaneous acquisition of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) data and positron emission tomography (PET) images with a prototype MR-compatible, small animal PET imager. J Magn Reson. 2007;186:305–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rybczynska AA, Elsinga PH, Sijbesma JW, Ishiwata K, de Jong JR, de Vries EF, Dierckx RA, van Waarde A. Steroid hormones affect binding of the sigma ligand [11C]-SA4503 in tumour cells and tumour-bearing rats. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;36:1167–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saija A, Princi P, De PR, Costa G. Modifications of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and local cerebral metabolism in pentobarbital- and ketamine-anaesthetized rats. Neuropharmacology. 1989;28:997–1002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez F, Orero A, Soriano A, Correcher C, Conde P, Gonzalez A, Hernandez L, Moliner L, Rodriguez-Alvarez MJ, Vidal LF, Benlloch JM, Chapman SE, Leevy WM. ALBIRA: a small animal PETSPECTCT imaging system. Med Phys. 2013;40:051906.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saraste A, Laitinen I, Weidl E, Wildgruber M, Weber AW, Nekolla SG, Holzlwimmer G, Esposito I, Walch A, Leppanen P, Lisinen I, Luppa PB, Yla-Herttuala S, Wester HJ, Knuuti J, Schwaiger M. Diet intervention reduces uptake of alphavbeta3 integrin-targeted PET tracer [18F]-galacto-RGD in mouse atherosclerotic plaques. J Nucl Cardiol. 2012;19:775–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarparanta M, Makila E, Heikkila T, Salonen J, Kukk E, Lehto VP, Santos HA, Hirvonen J, Airaksinen AJ. [18]F-labeled modified porous silicon particles for investigation of drug delivery carrier distribution in vivo with positron emission tomography. MolPharm. 2011;8:1799–806.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffer WK, Mirrione MM, Dewey SL. Optimizing experimental protocols for quantitative behavioral imaging with [18F]-FDG in rodents. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:277–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoell AR, Heyde BR, Weir DE, Chiang PC, Hu Y, Tung DK. Euthanasia method for mice in rapid time-course pulmonary pharmacokinetic studies. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2009;48:506–11.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz D, Southekal S, Junnarkar SS, Pratte JF, Purschke ML, Stoll SP, Ravindranath B, Maramraju SH, Krishnamoorthy S, Henn FA, O’Connor P, Woody CL, Schlyer DJ, Vaska P. Simultaneous assessment of rodent behavior and neurochemistry using a miniature positron emission tomograph. Nat Methods. 2011;8:347–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seo Y, Gao DW, Hasegawa BH, Dae MW, Franc BL. Rodent brain imaging with SPECT/CT. Med Phys. 2007;34:1217–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shahani SK, Lingamaneni R, Hemmings HC. General anesthetic actions on norepinephrine, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid transporters in stably transfected cells. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:893–9, table.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shih YY, Chiang YC, Chen JC, Huang CH, Chen YY, Liu RS, Chang C, Jaw FS. Brain nociceptive imaging in rats using [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose small-animal positron emission tomography. Neuroscience. 2008;155:1221–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shingaki T, Takashima T, Wada Y, Tanaka M, Kataoka M, Ishii A, Shigihara Y, Sugiyama Y, Yamashita S, Watanabe Y. Imaging of gastrointestinal absorption and biodistribution of an orally administered probe using positron emission tomography in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;91:653–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silvola JM, Saraste A, Laitinen I, Savisto N, Laine VJ, Heinonen SE, Yla-Herttuala S, Saukko P, Nuutila P, Roivainen A, Knuuti J. Effects of age, diet, and type 2 diabetes on the development and FDG uptake of atherosclerotic plaques. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:1294–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff L, Reivich M, Kennedy C, Des Rosiers MH, Patlak CS, Pettigrew KD, Sakurada O, Shinohara M. The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J Neurochem. 1977;28:897–916.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon M, Nothdruft RE, Akers W, Edwards WB, Liang K, Xu B, Suddlow GP, Deghani H, Tai YC, Eggebrecht AT, Achilefu S, Culver JP. Multimodal fluorescence-mediated tomography and SPECT/CT for small-animal imaging. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:639–46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Steel CD, Stephens AL, Hahto SM, Singletary SJ, Ciavarra RP. Comparison of the lateral tail vein and the retro-orbital venous sinus as routes of intravenous drug delivery in a transgenic mouse model. Lab Anim (NY). 2008;37:26–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szymanski MK, Kruizinga S, Tio RA, Willemsen AT, Schäfers MA, Stegger L, Dierckx RA, Hillege HL, Slart RH. Use of gated [13N]-NH3 micro-PET to examine left ventricular function in rats. Nucl Med Biol. 2012;39:724–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tahari AK, Lodge MA, Wahl RL. Respiratory-gated PET/CT versus delayed images for the quantitative evaluation of lower pulmonary and hepatic lesions. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2014;58:277–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tantawy MN, Peterson TE, Jones CK, Johnson K, Rook JM, Conn PJ, Baldwin RM, Ansari MS, Kessler RM. Impact of isoflurane anesthesia on D2 receptor occupancy by [18F]fallypride measured by microPET with a modified Logan plot. Synapse. 2011;65:1173–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Taschereau R, Chow PL, Chatziioannou AF. Monte Carlo simulations of dose from microCT imaging procedures in a realistic mouse phantom. Med Phys. 2006;33:216–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Todd MM, Weeks J. Comparative effects of propofol, pentobarbital, and isoflurane on cerebral blood flow and blood volume. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1996;8:296–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tokugawa J, Ravasi L, Nakayama T, Lang L, Schmidt KC, Seidel J, Green MV, Sokoloff L, Eckelman WC. Distribution of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist [18F]FPWAY in blood and brain of the rat with and without isoflurane anesthesia. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:259–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toyama H, Ichise M, Liow JS, Vines DC, Seneca NM, Modell KJ, Seidel J, Green MV, Innis RB. Evaluation of anesthesia effects on [18F]FDG uptake in mouse brain and heart using small animal PET. Nucl Med Biol. 2004;31:251–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tremoleda JL, Kerton A, Gsell W. Anaesthesia and physiological monitoring during in vivo imaging of laboratory rodents: considerations on experimental outcomes and animal welfare. EJNMMI Res. 2012;2:44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Umeda IO, Tani K, Tsuda K, Kobayashi M, Ogata M, Kimura S, Yoshimoto M, Kojima S, Moribe K, Yamamoto K, Moriyama N, Fujii H. High resolution SPECT imaging for visualization of intratumoral heterogeneity using a SPECT/CT scanner dedicated for small animal imaging. Ann Nucl Med. 2012;26:67–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Waarde A, Buursma AR, Hospers GA, Kawamura K, Kobayashi T, Ishii K, Oda K, Ishiwata K, Vaalburg W, Elsinga PH. Tumor imaging with 2 sigma-receptor ligands, [18F]-FE-SA5845 and [11C]-SA4503: a feasibility study. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1939–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vines DC, Green DE, Kudo G, Keller H. Evaluation of mouse tail-vein injections both qualitatively and quantitatively on small-animal PET tail scans. J Nucl Med Technol. 2011;39:264–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Votaw J, Byas-Smith M, Hua J, Voll R, Martarello L, Levey AI, Bowman FD, Goodman M. Interaction of isoflurane with the dopamine transporter. Anesthesiology. 2003;98:404–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Votaw JR, Byas-Smith MG, Voll R, Halkar R, Goodman MM. Isoflurane alters the amount of dopamine transporter expressed on the plasma membrane in humans. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:1128–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walter MA, Hildebrandt IJ, Hacke K, Kesner AL, Kelly O, Lawson GW, Phelps ME, Czernin J, Weber WA, Schiestl RH. Small-animal PET/CT for monitoring the development and response to chemotherapy of thymic lymphoma in Trp53-/- mice. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:1285–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watabe T, Shimosegawa E, Watabe H, Kanai Y, Hanaoka K, Ueguchi T, Isohashi K, Kato H, Tatsumi M, Hatazawa J. Quantitative evaluation of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in normal anesthetized rats: [15O]-labeled gas inhalation PET with MRI Fusion. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:283–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong KP, Sha W, Zhang X, Huang SC. Effects of administration route, dietary condition, and blood glucose level on kinetics and uptake of [18F]-FDG in mice. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:800–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Woo SK, Lee TS, Kim KM, Kim JY, Jung JH, Kang JH, Cheon GJ, Choi CW, Lim SM. Anesthesia condition for [18F]-FDG imaging of lung metastasis tumors using small animal PET. Nucl Med Biol. 2008;35:143–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita S, Takashima T, Kataoka M, Oh H, Sakuma S, Takahashi M, Suzuki N, Hayashinaka E, Wada Y, Cui Y, Watanabe Y. PET imaging of the gastrointestinal absorption of orally administered drugs in conscious and anesthetized rats. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:249–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang FY, Wang HE, Lin GL, Teng MC, Lin HH, Wong TT, Liu RS. Micro-SPECT/CT-based pharmacokinetic analysis of [99mTc]-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid in rats with blood-brain barrier disruption induced by focused ultrasound. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:478–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yee SH, Lee K, Jerabek PA, Fox PT. Quantitative measurement of oxygen metabolic rate in the rat brain using microPET imaging of briefly inhaled [15O]-labelled oxygen gas. Nucl Med Commun. 2006;27:573–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoder KK, Mock BH, Zheng QH, McCarthy BP, Riley AA, Hutchins GD. Assessment of i.p. injection of [18F]fallypride for behavioral neuroimaging in rats. J Neurosci Methods. 2011;196:70–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu M, Guaraldi MT, Bozek J, Kagan M, Azure M, Radeke H, Cdebaca M, Robinson SP. Effects of food intake and anesthetic on cardiac imaging and uptake of BMS747158-02 in comparison with FDG. J Nucl Cardiol. 2009;16:763–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zanelli GD, Lucas PB, Fowler JF. The effect of anaesthetics on blood perfusion in transplanted mouse tumours. Br J Cancer. 1975;32:380–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang WT DUXK, Huo TL, Wei ZM, Hao CX, An B. Combination of [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging is an optimal way to evaluate rheumatoid arthritis in rats dynamically. Chin Med J (Engl). 2013;126:3732–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zutphen LFM, Baumans V, Beynen AC. Principles of laboratory animal science, Revised Edition edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Disclaimer

This chapter could only discuss some important aspects of animal handling related to our own field of expertise. Species other than mice or rats (e.g., guinea pigs, ferrets, Göttingen minipigs, cynomolgus monkeys, and baboons) are used by many institutions in the preclinical evaluation of PET tracers. For information about such species, the reader should consult the specialized literature.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713GZ, The Netherlands

    Jürgen W. A. Sijbesma, Janine Doorduin & Aren van Waarde

Authors
  1. Jürgen W. A. Sijbesma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Janine Doorduin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aren van Waarde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aren van Waarde .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Andor W.J.M. Glaudemans

  2. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Jitze Medema

  3. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Annie K. van Zanten

  4. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx

  5. Dutch Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    C.T.B. (Kees) Ahaus

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sijbesma, J.W.A., Doorduin, J., van Waarde, A. (2017). Zootechnical Issues in Small Animal Imaging. In: Glaudemans, A., Medema, J., van Zanten, A., Dierckx, R., Ahaus, C. (eds) Quality in Nuclear Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33531-5_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33531-5_18

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33529-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-33531-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation