Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Global Expression Governance: The Norms of a Global Regime

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Global Free Expression - Governing the Boundaries of Internet Content

Part of the book series: Law, Governance and Technology Series ((LGTS,volume 28))

  • 727 Accesses

Abstract

If the ‘global default exists as was argued in previous chapters, which norms define this regime? The following chapter will attempt to sketch out the three key norms that keep reappearing in the international debate on freedom of expression before attempting to provide an overarching analysis of how the normative regimes and governance interact. Based on the previous analysis it has become evident that three key narratives keep returning to debates on freedom of expression: children, memory and sexuality. The analysis in turn will then explore aspects of social and political theory – based in particular on Michelle Foucault – in attempting to understand how and why these narratives have become so prominent and what role both play in wider debates on governing the Internet.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See Livingstone, S., 2014. Digital Media and Children’s Rights. LSE Media Policy Project. Available at: http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mediapolicyproject/2014/09/12/sonia-livingstone-digital-media-and-childrens-rights/

  2. 2.

    See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Entire_History_of_You for further details.

  3. 3.

    For further details please see the following two presentations where a more extensive version of this argument was presented: CPDP in January 2015: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUMh4C_smJ4 and Europride 2015 in Riga: http://www.europride2015.eu/schedule/

Bibliography

  • Arthur, Charles. 2012. Facebook’s nudity and violence guidelines are laid bare|technology|the guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved July 25, 2015 http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/feb/21/facebook-nudity-violence-censorship-guidelines.

  • Ashenden, Samantha. 2004. Governing child aexual abuse: negotiating the boundaries of public and private, law and science. London: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Attwood, Feona, et al. 2012. Engaging with the bailey review: Blogging, academia and authenticity. Psychology and Sexuality 3(1): 69–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badran, Margot. 1998. Unifying women: Feminist pasts and presents in Yemen. Gender & History 10(3): 498–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, Reg. 2011. Letting children be children: Report of an independent review of the commercialisation and sexualisation of childhood, Cm 8078 20. London: TSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, Meg. 2002. The evil that men, women and children do. The Psychologist 15(11): 568–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, M., and R. Duschinsky. 2012. Sexualisation’s four faces: Sexualisation and gender stereotyping in the bailey review. Gender and Education 24(3): 303–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Best, Joel, and Kathleen A. Bogle. 2014. Kids gone wild: From rainbow parties to sexting, understanding the hype over teen sex. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya, Gargi. 2002. Sexuality and society: An introduction. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brey, P. 2005. Artifacts as social agents. In Inside the politics of technology: Agency and normativity in the co-production of technology and society, ed. Hans Harbers, 61–84. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryce, J. 2010. Online sexual exploitation of young people. In Handbook of Internet crime, ed. Yvonne Jewkes and Majid Yar, 320–342. Cullompton: Willan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burris, A. 2014. Hell hath no fury like a woman Porned: Revenge porn and the need for a federal nonconsensual pornography statute. Florida Law Review

    Google Scholar 

  • Caprioli, Mary. 2005. Primed for violence: The role of gender inequality in predicting internal conflict. International Studies Quarterly 49(2): 161–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Adrian. 2012. Inside facebook’s outsourced anti-porn and Gore Brigade, where ‘camel toes’ are more offensive than ‘crushed heads.’ Gawker. Retrieved July 31, 2015 http://gawker.com/5885714/inside-facebooks-outsourced-anti-porn-and-gore-brigade-where-camel-toes-are-more-offensive-than-crushed-heads.

  • Chernyavskaya, Alexandra. 2015. Children’s rights in the digital age. Londen School of Economics. Retrieved July 31, 2015 http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/events/Childrens-Rights-in-the-Digital-Age.aspx.

  • Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. 2006. Control and freedom: Power and paranoia in the age of fiber optics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. 2011. Programmed visions: Software and memory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Citron, D.K., and M.A. Franks. 2014. Criminalizing revenge porn. Wake Forest Law Review.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clanchy, M. 1979. From memory to written record, England, 1066–1307. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costin, Lela B., and Lela B. Costin Howard Jacob Karger David Stoesz. 1997. The politics of child abuse in America. Oxford University Press, Incorporated.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielewicz-Betz, Anna. 2013. Cyberspace othering and marginalisation in the context of Saudi Arabian culture: A socio-pragmatic perspective. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 9(2): 275–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, Kevin, and Angelina Fisher. 2012. Governance by indicators: Global power through classification and rankings. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dellavalle, R.P., and E.J. Hester. 2003. Going, going, gone: Lost internet references. Science-New York … (October):787–788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duschinsky, R., and M. Barker. 2013. Doing the möbius strip: The politics of the Bailey Review. Sexualities 16(5–6): 730–742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, Michel. 2012a. The birth of the clinic. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, Michel. 2012b. The history of sexuality: An introduction. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franks, Mary Anne. 2014. UCLA LAW REVIEW how to feel like a woman, or why punishment is a drag. UCLA Law Review 566: 566–605.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith, Jack L., and Wu Tim. 2006. Who controls the Internet? Illusions of a borderless world. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1962. Strukturwandel Der Öffentlichkeit : Untersuchungen Zu Einer Kategorie Der Bürgerlichen Gesellschaft. Neuwied/Berlin: Luchterhand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. 1991. The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacking, Ian. 1991. The making and molding of child abuse. Critical Inquiry 17(2): 253–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hacking, Ian. 1993. World-making by kind-making: Child abuse for example. In How classification works: Nelson Goodman among the social sciences, ed. Mary Douglas, David L. Hull, and Nelson Goodman, 256. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haskins, E. 2007. Between archive and participation: Public memory in a digital age. Rhetoric Society Quarterly 37: 401–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatem, M. 1994. The paradoxes of state feminism in Egypt. In Women and politics worldwide, ed. Barbara J. Nelson and Najama Caudhuri, 226–242. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton, P.H. 1998. Mentalities, matrix of memory. Historia 43: 7–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, Philip. 2001a. Beyond tolerance: Child pornography on the internet. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, Philip. 2001b. How Europe discovered it’s sex offender crisis. In How claims spread : Cross-national diffusion of social problems, ed. Joel Best. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, Philip. 2009. Failure to launch: Why do some social issues fail to detonate moral panics? British Journal of Criminology 49(1): 35–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, Sune Qvotrup. 2011. Othering, identity formation and agency. Qualitative Studies 2(2): 63–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewkes, Y. 2010. Much Ado about nothing? Representations and realities of online soliciting of children. Journal of Sexual Aggression 16(1): 5–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Lisa M., Kimberly J. Mitchell, and David Finkelhor. 2012. Online harassment in context: Trends from three youth internet safety surveys (2000, 2005, 2010). Psychology of Violence 3(1): 53–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kempe, C. Henry. 1962. The battered-child syndrome. JAMA 181(1): 17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koshar, R. 1998. Germany’s transient pasts: Preservation and national memory in the twentieth century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, Nancy. 2003. Does racism harm health? Did child abuse exist before 1962? On explicit questions, critical science, and current controversies: An ecosocial perspective. American Journal of Public Health 93(2): 194–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, Sonia. 2014. Digital media and children’s rights. LSE Media Policy Project. Retrieved http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mediapolicyproject/2014/09/12/sonia-livingstone-digital-media-and-childrens-rights/.

  • Lynch, Margaret A. 1985. Child abuse before Kempe: An historical literature review. Child Abuse & Neglect 9(1): 7–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansell, Robin. 2012. Imagining the internet: Communication, innovation, and governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor. 2009. Delete: The virtue of forgetting in the digital age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McVeigh, Tracy. 2015. Internet filters block websites of sex abuse charities. The Guardian. Retrieved June 25, 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/24/internet-filters-block-sex-abuse-charities.

  • Meyer, Anneke. 2010. Evil monsters and cunning perverts: Representing and regulating the dangerous paedophile. In Popular culture, crime and social control, ed. Mathieu Deflem. Bingley: Emerald.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaelson, E.J., and W. Goldschmidt. 1971. Female roles and male dominance among peasants. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 27(4): 330–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K. 2003. Monuments, memorials, and the politics of memory. Urban Geography 24: 442–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakhleh, Khalil, and Elia Zureik. 1980. The sociology of the Palestinians. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newberger, E.H., and R. Bourne. 1978. The medicalization and legalization of child abuse. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 48(4): 593–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng’atigwa, F.X. 2014. ‘Othering’ and ‘others’ in religious radio broadcasts in Tanzania: Cases from radio Maria Tanzania and Radio Imaan. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 26(2): 230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noman, Helmi, and Jillian C. York. 2011. West censoring east: The use of Western technologies by middle east censors, 2010–2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmar, M. 2014. Memorialising 40 years since Idi Amin’s expulsion: Digital ‘memory Mania’to the ‘right to be forgotten.’. South Asian Popular Culture 12: 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powles, Julia, and Enrique Chaparro. 2015. How Google determined our right to be forgotten. The Guardian. Retrieved July 28, 2015 http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/18/the-right-be-forgotten-google-search.

  • Quayle, E. 2010. Child pornography. In Handbook of Internet crime, ed. Yvonne Jewkes and Majid Yar, 343–367. Cullompton: Willan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, Martin. 2013. Cameron’s internet filter goes far beyond porn – And that was always the plan. New Statesman. Retrieved June 25, 2015 http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2013/12/camerons-internet-filter-goes-far-beyond-porn-and-was-always-plan.

  • Robinson, K.H. 2013. Innocence, knowledge and the construction of childhood: The contradictory nature of sexuality and censorship in children’s contemporary lives. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schilt, K., and L. Westbrook. 2009. Doing gender, doing heteronormativity: ‘Gender normals’, transgender people, and the social maintenance of heterosexuality. Gender & Society 23(4): 440–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schrader, A.M., and K. Wells. 2004. Queer perspectives on social responsibility in Canadian schools and libra. School Libraries in Canada 24: 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrover, Marlou, and Deirdre M. Moloney. 2014. In Gender, migration and categorisation: Making distinctions between migrants in western countries, 1945–2010, ed. Marlou Schrover and Deirdre M. Moloney. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, Nishant. 2015. Sluts ‘r’ us: Intersections of gender, protocol and agency in the digital age. First Monday 20(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturken, M. 1997. Tangled memories: The Vietnam war, the AIDS epidemic, and the politics of remembering. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweney, Mark. 2011. ParentPort website to help tackle fears over sexualisation of children. Guardian. Retrieved October 12, 2011 http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/oct/11/parentport-website-tackle-fears-sexualisation.

  • Tong, R. 1982. Feminism, pornography and censorship. Social Theory and Practice 8: 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, Ben. 2012. Push-button-autocracy in Tunisia: Analysing the role of internet infrastructure, institutions and international markets in creating a Tunisian censorship regime. Telecommunications Policy 36(6).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Z. 2008. National humiliation, history education, and the politics of historical memory: Patriotic education Campaign in China. International Studies Quarterly 52: 783–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Internet & Human Rights, European University Viadrina, Frankfurt, Brandenburg, Germany

    Ben Wagner

Authors
  1. Ben Wagner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wagner, B. (2016). Global Expression Governance: The Norms of a Global Regime. In: Global Free Expression - Governing the Boundaries of Internet Content. Law, Governance and Technology Series, vol 28. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33513-1_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33513-1_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33511-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-33513-1

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation