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Inflammation, Aging, and Oxidative Stress pp 133–160Cite as

Ambient Particles and Cerebrovascular Disease

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Abstract

Air pollution, is associated with an increase in both morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. The particulate matter in air pollution is the component most consistently associated with cardiovascular disease. In particular, there is an ever-growing literature of emerging epidemiological associations linking particulate air pollution to stroke. The routes by which inhaled particles can affect the cardiovascular system are an area of intense discussion, although the cerebrovascular circulation, specifically, is often overlooked. This review provides an overview of the evidence linking particulate air pollution and cerebrovascular disease and considers the potential mechanisms underlying these associations.

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Abbreviations

BBB:

Blood brain barrier

CDNP:

Combustion-derived nanoparticles

CI:

Confidence interval

CNS:

Central nervous system

DEP:

Diesel exhaust particulate

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

ICAM-1:

Intracellular adhesion molecule-1

NAD(P)H:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced)

NMDA:

N-Methyl-d-aspartate

NO:

Nitric oxide

NO2 :

Nitrogen dioxide

O3 :

Ozone

PM:

Particulate matter

PM0.1 :

Particulate matter with a diameter of less than 0.1 micrometers (nanoparticles)

PM10 :

Particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10 micrometers

PM2.5 :

Particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers

RR:

Relative risk

SO2 :

Sulphur dioxide

SPSHR:

Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat

TNFα :

Tumour necrosis factor alpha

t-PA:

Tissue plasminogen activator

TRPV1:

Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1

UFP:

Ultrafine particle

VCAM-1:

Vascular adhesion molecule-1

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Acknowledgements and Funding

MRM is funded by a British Heart Foundation (BHF) Special Project Grant (SP/15/8/31575). ASVP is funded by a BHF Programme grant (RG/05/003) and BHF Clinical Research Scholarship (SS/CH/09/002).

Disclosures: All authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University/BHF Centre of Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK

    Mark R. Miller & Anoop S. V. Shah

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  1. Mark R. Miller
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  2. Anoop S. V. Shah
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Correspondence to Mark R. Miller .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

    Stephen C. Bondy

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA

    Arezoo Campbell

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Miller, M.R., Shah, A.S.V. (2016). Ambient Particles and Cerebrovascular Disease. In: Bondy, S., Campbell, A. (eds) Inflammation, Aging, and Oxidative Stress. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33486-8_8

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