Abstract
These individual recollections present a window into the personal experiences of people who participated in the shock wave research program at Sandia. We made a strong effort to contact and encourage as many people as possible to participate. Over 80 people were contacted and about 40 provided recollections of their personal experiences. Each contributor was asked to provide a summary of their role in shock wave research at Sandia, bringing out any interesting events or anecdotes that happened along the way
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Notes
- 1.
Jim Ang left active participation in shock wave work in about 1994. As of this writing, he leads a computational group developing capabilities for solving shock wave problems.
- 2.
Editors’ note: STARFIRE was a joint SNL/LLNL project to develop a Hypervelocity Electromagnetic Launcher for Equation of State (HELEOS) experiments.
- 3.
Editors’ note: Benner, Gustafson, and Montry received the 1987 Gordon Bell Prize in its inaugural year for this achievement as well as the Allan Karp Challenge Award. The three formally received these awards at a March 2, 1988, computing conference in San Francisco.
- 4.
The law is named after Gene Amdahl, the IBM computer architect. The speedup of an application that uses multiple processors in parallel computing is limited by the time needed for the serial portion of the application.
- 5.
The role of crosscut managers was to encourage interactions between the applications groups and the research organizations in order to focus short- and long-term research that directly benefitted the weapons programs.
- 6.
Editors’ note: Keith Matzen, the Director of the Pulsed Power Science Center from January 2005 to July 2013, began serving as the Director again in March 2015, following almost two years as Director of the Nuclear Weapons Science and Technology Programs at Sandia. Duane Dimos served as the temporary Center Director from September 2014 to March 2015.
- 7.
Editors’ note: The method of lines is a general method for solving time-dependent partial differential equations by using finite differencing for the spatial derivatives and ordinary differential equations for the time derivative.
- 8.
Editors’ note: For a description of the CHEQ code, see F.H. Ree, “A statistical mechanical theory of chemically reacting multiphase mixtures: Application to the detonation properties of PETN,” Journal of Chemical Physics 81, 1251 (1984).
- 9.
Editors’ note: M.M. Carroll and A.C. Holt, “Static and dynamic pore collapse relations for ductile porous materials,” Journal of Applied Physics 43, 1626 (1972).
- 10.
Lynn retired from Sandia in 1990 and formed his own company to make VISARs. He continued to interact in the shock wave community through 2002.
- 11.
Editors’ note: The annotations about Barker’s American Physical Society Shock Compression Science Award paper and these 17 early papers were provided by Jim Asay.
- 12.
If a paper was prepared on this topic for the Aeroballistic Range Association, ARA members should be able to obtain a CD-ROM containing the collected proceedings.
- 13.
Editors’ note: SRI, a nonprofit corporation, was founded by Stanford University in 1946 as the Stanford Research Institute. It became independent of Stanford in 1970 and several years later changed its name to SRI International.
- 14.
Editors’ note: IUTAM is the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.
- 15.
Mark worked in experimental shock wave science until the mid 1990s, followed by a couple of years in simulations of shock wave problems. He was then involved in other activities at Sandia until around 2006 when he became active in planetary applications that continue to the present.
- 16.
Private communication on March 26, 1993 from James V. Scotti to Brian G. Marsden of the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegraphs. The description that Scotti sent then appeared in IAU Circular No. 5725 that same day.
- 17.
Editors’ note: Tim Berners-Lee, a software engineer at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research), invented the World Wide Web in 1989. However, it wasn’t until April 1993 that CERN announced the technology would be available to use by anyone on a royalty free basis. In 1994 the World Wide Web Consortium was formed.
- 18.
From D.H. Levy, “Pearls on a string,” Sky & Telescope 86, no. 1, p. 39 (1993), reprinted with permission from Sky & Telescope. The original quotation was from C.S. Shoemaker and E.M. Shoemaker, “A Comet Like No Other,” Chapter 2, p. 7 in The Great Comet Crash: The Impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy on Jupiter, edited by J.R. Spencer and J. Mitton (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995), reprinted with permission from Cambridge University Press.
- 19.
D.H. Levy, “Pearls on a string,” Sky & Telescope 86, no. 1, p. 39 (1993), reprinted with permission from Sky & Telescope.
- 20.
C.R. Chapman, “Comet on Target for Jupiter,” Nature 363, pp. 492–493 (1993), reprinted with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
- 21.
Reprinted with permission from Jay Melosh; see summary link, http://www.surveyor.in-berlin.de/himmel/SL-9/Jupiter-SL9.txt.
- 22.
Sandia Science News, vol. 28 (December 1993), Sandia National Laboratories, second page of unnumbered four-page article, reprinted with permission from Sandia National Laboratories.
- 23.
L. Spohn, “Sandia computer plots Jupiter impact,” Albuquerque Tribune, March 19, 1994, p. A-5. Quote is reprinted with permission of David A. Crawford, Sandia National laboratories, in email to J. Asay, March 7, 2015.
- 24.
Private communication from Heidi Hammel to Mark Boslough, 2014.
- 25.
M.B. Boslough, D.A. Crawford, A.C. Robinson, and T.G. Trucano, “Mass and penetration depth of Shoemaker-Levy 9 fragments from time-resolved photometry,” Geophysical Research Letters 21, 1555 (1994).
- 26.
T.J. Ahrens, T. Takata, J.D. O’Keefe, G.S. Orton, “Radiative signatures from impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter,” Geophysical Research Letters 21, 1551 (1994).
- 27.
R. Kerr, “Bets Range from Boom to Bust for Jovian Impacts,” Science 65, p. 31 (1994), reprinted with permission from American Association for the Advancement of Science.
- 28.
Ibid., p. 31, reprinted with permission from American Association for the Advancement of Science.
- 29.
Ibid., p. 32, reprinted with permission from American Association for the Advancement of Science.
- 30.
Heidi Hammel email communication to Mark Boslough, Jan. 25, 2015.
- 31.
C.R. Chapman, “Dazzling demise of a comet,” Nature 370, pp. 245–246 (28 July 1994), reprinted with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
- 32.
M.B. Boslough, D.A. Crawford, T.G. Trucano, A.C. Robinson, “Numerical modeling of Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts as a framework for interpreting observations,” Geophysical Research Letters 22, pp. 1821–1824 (1995), reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons, copyright 2012.
- 33.
See Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 822, pp. 155–173 (May 1997).
- 34.
C.R. Chapman, in The Great Comet Crash: The Impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter, ed. by John R. Spencer and Jacqueline Mitton, p. 105, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995), reprinted with permission of Cambridge University Press.
- 35.
See Near-Earth Objects, The United Nations International Conference, edited by John L. Remo (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, NY), Vol. 822, pp. 236–282 (1997).
- 36.
Private communication by email from Heidi Hammel to Mark Boslough, 2014.
- 37.
Editors’ note: Barry’s active involvement with shock wave research ended around 1979.
- 38.
Editors’ note: The title of Organization 5100 in the mid 1960s was Physical Research.
- 39.
Editors’ note: The CDC 1604, released in 1959, was the Control Data Corporation’s first fully transistorized computer. Seymour Cray, the lead designer, later left (in 1972) to form his own company, Cray Research Inc.
- 40.
Editors’ note: Wang Laboratories was founded in 1951 by Dr. An Wang as a one-man electrical fixtures store atop a garage in Boston’s South End. He had a PhD from Harvard in applied physics. In 1955 Dr. Wang received U.S. Patent 2,708,722 for the magnetic pulse controlling device, a doughnut-shaped iron ring that is the principle upon which magnetic core memory was based before the introduction of the microchip. Shortly afterward Wang, with Dr. Ge-Yao Chu (a former schoolmate at Shanghai Jiao Tong University), incorporated Wang Laboratories.
- 41.
Editors’ note: These were Digital Equipment Corporation VAX computers.
- 42.
Editors’ note: Forest Park’s original carousel burned to the ground in a fire in 1966. The present Forest Park Carousel is a century-old wooden carousel carved in 1903 by Daniel Carl Mueller. From 1903 to 1971, Mueller’s carousel was located at Lakeview Park in Dracut, Massachusetts. It is now located at Woodhaven Blvd and Forest Park Drive in Queens and operates from late March to October. See http://www.forestparkcarousel.com/.
- 43.
Editors’ note: Tech Area I
- 44.
Editors’ note: BES is the acronym for Basic Energy Sciences. This Department of Energy program is one of the Nation’s largest sponsors of fundamental research in the natural sciences.
- 45.
Editors’ note: SPR is the acronym for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which was established in 1975, following the 1973–1974 oil embargo. The Department of Energy operates SPR to store crude oil in various underground salt caverns in the event of an energy emergency.
- 46.
Editors’ note: A “field application” is one in which a nuclear test is conducted underground in Nevada or, formerly, aboveground.
- 47.
Editors’ note: Now called the Nevada National Security Site.
- 48.
Editors’ note: An underground cavity formed by a nuclear explosion.
- 49.
Editors’ note: This is a device to ensure the correct positioning of the projectile in the barrel of the gun.
- 50.
OFHC copper is oxygen-free, high-conductivity copper.
- 51.
Editors’ note: AERMET is a steel alloy that contains cobalt, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and carbon.
- 52.
Editors’ note: ALE stands for Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian.
- 53.
The term “Work for Others” was formerly used to refer to projects funded by organizations other than the Department of Energy.
- 54.
Editors’ note: FY is the acronym for fiscal year. The government fiscal year is from October 1 to September 30.
- 55.
Editors’ note: Comp B is an explosive used in artillery projectiles, rockets, hand grenades, and other munitions.
- 56.
Editors’ note: The P-λ model is a generalization of the P-α model to account for the dynamic compaction of multiphase mixtures of porous materials.
- 57.
Editors’ note: Upon joining Sandia, Mike was initially involved in the ion beam program. When that ended in 1996, he began development of better conductivity models in support of the z-pinch program, which led to the development of ab initio tools and better conductivity models. As of this writing, he is continuing ab initio studies of high-pressure equation of state properties. Mike became a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff in 1996 and was promoted to Senior Scientist in 2011.
- 58.
Photograph of George E. Duvall taken when he received the Shock Compression Science Award. Photo was reproduced with permission from Shock Compression of Condensed Matter 1989, edited by S.C. Schmidt, J.N. Johnson, and L.W. Davison, North-Holland Publishing, p. viii (1990). Photo copyrighted 1990, Elsevier LTD. The Physics Department at WSU graciously provided the background information on Duvall’s early history that was used in this tribute.
- 59.
As of this writing, Mike Furnish continues shock wave experimentation at Sandia using a variety of facilities including the STAR facility and Veloce.
- 60.
- 61.
Editors’ note: In 2013, Mark Herrmann was promoted to the Director of Pulsed Power Sciences and Dawn Flicker was promoted to his previous position as the Senior Manager of the department.
- 62.
Editors’ note: Recently the name was changed to the Nevada National Security Site.
- 63.
Editors’ note: The zero room is the site of the test, where the explosive (conventional or nuclear) is sited.
- 64.
Editors’ note: The Joint Actinide Shock Physics Experimental Research (JASPER) facility contains a two-stage gas gun.
- 65.
Editors’ note: “Asay foils” are metallic foils used to detect ejecta from a shocked surface. A detailed description is in J.R. Asay, L.P. Mix, and F.C. Perry, Applied Physics Letters 29, 284–287 (1976). See also A.V. Fedorov, A.L. Mikhailov, and D.V. Nazarov, Chapter 9 in Material Properties under Intensive Dynamic Loading, edited by M.V. Zhernokletov and B.L. Gluskak in collaboration with W.W. Anderson, F.J. Cherne, M.A. Zocher (Springer, Berlin, 2006), pp. 393–418.
- 66.
Editors’ note: An “Asay window” is a non-radiographic spall and damage diagnostic that uses a transparent window in front of a spalled surface. As successive spall layers collide in “domino fashion” with the window, a VISAR measures the change in velocity of the window/spall surface interface. See D.B. Holtkamp et al., in Shock Compression of Condensed Matter—2003, edited by M.D. Furnish, Y.M. Gupta, and J.W. Forbes (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 2004), AIP Conference Proceedings 706, pp. 473–476; also, see C.W. McCluskey, M.D. Wilke, W.W. Anderson, M.E. Byers, D.B. Holtkamp, P.A. Rigg, M.D. Furnish, and V.T. Romero, Review of Scientific Instruments 77, 113902 (2006).
- 67.
Editors’ note: PHERMEX, the Pulsed High-Energy Radiographic Machine Emitting X-rays, was LANL’s hydrodynamic test workhorse for more than 40 years until it was replaced by DARHT, the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test facility.
- 68.
Editors’ note: Confirmatories, in this usage, are preparatory tests conducted prior to the real experiments or events in order to corroborate that all systems, equipment, and diagnostic instrumentation are operating properly.
- 69.
Editors’ note: ‘Authorization basis’ refers to documents used to authorize that activities to be conducted at a facility or on a test are in compliance with Department of Energy orders and policies with respect to environment, safety, and health.
- 70.
Editors’ note: Now known as the Nevada National Security Site.
- 71.
Bill Nellis spent most of his career in shock wave research at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. After his retirement, he joined Harvard University.
- 72.
These recollections would be incomplete without including those of Robert A. Graham. His leadership and vision have made shock compression science into a premier scientific discipline. Since he was unable to provide his personal recollections, the editors were compelled to summarize his overwhelming accomplishments. Much of the specific information on Bob Graham’s contributions was extracted from J.W. Forbes, “The history of the APS Shock Compression of Condensed Matter Topical Group,” in Shock Compression of Condensed Matter – 2001, edited by M.D. Furnish, N.N. Thadhani, Y. Horie (American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD, 2002), AIP Conference Proceedings 620, pp. 11–19.
- 73.
Five Sandians signed this petition, including James Asay, Lee Davison, Bob Graham, Bruno Morosin, and Gerold Yonas.
- 74.
The Shock Compression Science Award was established in 1987 by the friends of the American Physical Society (APS) Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter Physics. Three other Sandians have received the award: Lynn Barker in 1999, James Asay in 2003, and Dennis Grady in 2007. James N. Johnson, a Sandian from 1967 to 1973 who later joined Los Alamos National Laboratory, was the 2011 recipient. Beginning with the 2009 APS Topical Conference on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, the award name was changed to the George E. Duvall Shock Compression Science Award, in memory of George Duvall, a professor at Washington State University for over 24 years. Duvall established a center of excellence in shock wave research by organizing WSU’s Shock Dynamics Laboratory in 1968. George was the recipient in 1989 of the second award.
- 75.
Editors’ note: Tom’s initial research at Sandia involved x-ray radiation transport modeling in support of radiation effects testing of components exposed to underground nuclear and above-ground tests. Later, he joined the ALEGRA team to develop state-of-the-art tools for modeling z-pinch and dynamic materials experiments. Tom Haill retired in 2016.
- 76.
Editors’ note: Pavel Bochev, a computational mathematician, received a 2014 Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award from DOE for his pioneering theoretical and practical advances in numerical methods for partial differential equations. J. Pace VanDevender, a previous Director of Sandia’s Pulsed Power Sciences Center, received the E.O. Lawrence Award in 1991 for his contributions to generating pulsed power and demonstrating new concepts and designs for pulsed power such as magnetically insulated transmission lines.
- 77.
J.A. Josef and J.E. Morel, “Simplified spherical harmonic method for coupled electron-photon transport calculations,” Physical Review E 57, 6161–6171 (1998).
- 78.
J.J. MacFarlane, I.E. Golovkin, P. Wang, P.R. Woodruff, N.A. Pereira, “SPECT3D – A multi-dimensional collisional-radiative code for generating diagnostic signatures based on hydrodynamic and PIC simulation output,” High Energy Density Physics 3, 181–190 (2007).
- 79.
Editors’ note: Headquarters refers to NNSA (National Nuclear Security Administration) in Washington, D.C.
- 80.
Dennis Hayes had a varied career at Sandia involving both technical and management positions. He had a 2-year external assignment as scientific advisor to the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Military Applications at DOE Headquarters in Washington, D.C., 1990–1991. He retired from Sandia in late 1995 to become the president of Lockheed Martin Nevada Technologies in Las Vegas, 1996–1997, after which he continued as a consultant in shock wave research (1998–2011) at Sandia, Los Alamos, and Lawrence Livermore and as a visiting professor at Washington State University.
- 81.
Editors’ note: HNS is hexanitrostilbene, a high explosive with good thermal and vacuum stability that was developed by the Navy in the 1960s.
- 82.
Twinning is a metallurgical term that refers to an inelastic deformation of the crystal lattice.
- 83.
Prepared by Orval E. Jones and submitted by the National Academy of Engineering Home Secretary. See Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2011), Vol. 15, pp. 180–183. (Reprinted with permission from the National Academies Press.)
- 84.
Editors’ note: At the time Walt Herrmann arrived, the Laboratory was called Sandia Laboratories.
- 85.
Editors’ note: The spelling of Lawrence’s name in the original has been corrected here to Jeffery.
- 86.
Editors’ note: Trucano’s middle initial in the original (J) has been corrected here to G.
- 87.
Editors’ note: Herrmann’s age at his death in the original (71) has been corrected here to 70.
- 88.
At the time of this writing, Gene Hertel manages a group involved with hypervelocity lethality and continues oversight of the CTH maintenance and distribution.
- 89.
Editors’ note: The formal name for “hydrocodes” is “hydrodynamic codes.”
- 90.
Editors’ note: CPU is the acronym for central processing unit.
- 91.
Editors’ note: The name FORTRAN is a contraction of FORmula TRANslation. The first FORTRAN compiler was developed by IBM in 1954–1957. After 1977 it was referred to as Fortran.
- 92.
Roy (Red) Hollenbach was hired at Sandia in 1950 and retired in 1982. His involvement in shock wave work covered the period from the late 1950s to the late 1970s.
- 93.
Editors’ note: A shake is 10 ns.
- 94.
Upon leaving Sandia in 1973, Jim Johnson joined Terra Tek in Salt Lake City, UT, for a few years and then joined LANL, continuing research in the shock wave area.
- 95.
Twinning is a metallurgical term that refers to an inelastic deformation of the crystal lattice.
- 96.
- 97.
This brief tribute to Orval Jones was adapted by the editors from several articles appearing in the Sandia Lab News, in particular, in the October 1, 1993 issue, on the occasion of his retirement from the Labs, and also in the November 27, 1978 issue, in a description of the Engineering Sciences Directorate, shortly after he became head of that organization. The picture is from the June 11, 1982 issue, when he was first promoted to Sandia Vice President. These materials are reprinted with the permission of Sandia National Laboratories.
- 98.
Charlie retired from Sandia in 1997, but left the shock wave program in the late 1970s for another position at Sandia.
- 99.
Jim Kennedy left Sandia in 1986 and joined LANL, where he continued research on energetic materials.
- 100.
Editors’ note: When Kennedy was hired in 1968, Al Narath was the Director of Solid State Sciences Research. AT&T policy was that Sandia’s President had to come from AT&T Bell Laboratories; hence, Narath had to spend time at Bell Labs before becoming the President. Therefore, beginning March 31, 1984, Narath, who was then the Executive Vice President at Sandia, transferred to Bell Labs (Sandia Lab News, March 30, 1984, vol. 36, no. 7, p. 1) to serve as the Executive Vice President of Government Systems. In that role, he headed up all research and development in support of Bell Labs’ work for the Federal Government. Narath was the only President whose professional career began at Sandia during the nearly 44 years AT&T managed Sandia. He returned in 1989 (see letter addressed to all Sandians, April 17, 1989, in the Sandia Lab News, vol. 41, no. 8, p. 1) and served as President from April 1, 1989 to August 15, 1995.
- 101.
The Pop plot is named after Al Popolato of LANL.
- 102.
Editors’ note: Wildon Fickett and William C. Davis, Detonation (University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1979). The book is now available in a paperback edition, first published in 2000, as a slightly corrected, unabridged republication of the 1979 work, with the title Detonation: Theory and Experiment (Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, 2000).
- 103.
Editors’ note: The Reclamation organization at Sandia was responsible for acquiring equipment, experimental hardware, office furniture, etc. no longer used or needed by an organization and reapplying this to other uses.
- 104.
Editors’ note: A life extension program is a program to repair or replace components of a nuclear weapon to extend the time that the weapon can safely and reliably remain in the Nation’s stockpile.
- 105.
As of this writing, Marcus Knudson continues shock wave research on Z.
- 106.
Editors’ note: TPX is the brand name for polymethylpentene (PMP), a thermoplastic polymer.
- 107.
Carl spent his career at Sandia in the shock wave field except for a short stint in the mid 1990s when he was in a department involved with environmental safety and health issues. Late in his Sandia career, Carl was asked to represent Sandia in the development of plans for the proposed Joint Actinide Shock Physics Experimental Research (JASPER) facility at the Nevada Test Site. The plan was to install a two-stage light gas gun at JASPER for Pu experiments. The JASPER plan served as an impetus to reactivate the STAR two-stage gun to obtain data on different velocity measurement techniques for JASPER. Bechtel ended up offering Carl a job to run the JASPER facility after he retired from Sandia in 1998; he accepted and moved to Nevada in March 2000.
- 108.
Editors’ note: A sabot is a device to ensure the correct positioning of a bullet in the barrel of a gun.
- 109.
Editors’ note: For additional details about the closure of STAR, see Jim Asay’s recollection.
- 110.
Bob Graham, private communication, 2007.
- 111.
Editors’ note: Until 1971, our sister laboratory in Livermore was known as the University of California Radiation Laboratory.
- 112.
Editors’ note: During this time period, our sister laboratory to the north was known as the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Later, in 1979, its name would become Los Alamos National Laboratory.
- 113.
Ray Lemke was hired in 1989 but started research in shock compression science in 2000. As of this writing, he continues to model shock wave experiments on Z, particularly those with high-velocity flyer plates.
- 114.
Editors’ note: G. Kresse and J. Furthmüller, “Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set,” Physical Review B 54, pp. 11169–11186 (1996).
- 115.
Editors’ note: These are the dates Don Lundergan was employed at Sandia. After leaving the shock wave field in 1977, he participated in other Sandia programs and retired in 1986 after an illustrious career.
- 116.
A sabot is a device used to fire a projectile with accurate velocity and impact alignment control.
- 117.
Red recalls, “We started with nothing—a cast-off air gun mounted outside in Area III, no instrumentation, and two people that were not on the project full time. The dark room allocated to us was the women’s unused wash room in Building 809. We progressed from firing the gun across the mesa to a sawdust tilled bunker that challenged us to find the test piece after each shot. Soon, our group seemed to really grow—more people, better facilities, lots of instrumentation, and more sophisticated measuring techniques.”
- 118.
As an aside, it is a bit amusing that one of the earliest problems of interest was the cotact fuzing problem that is now being solved—just faster and better with all of our new capabilities.
- 119.
Editors’ note: Department 1260 at that time was the Electrical Systems Department managed by L.D. Smith.
- 120.
Editors’ note: ERDA was formed in 1975 as a result of the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974. ERDA assumed the functions of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) not assumed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ERDA existed for only 2 years. In 1977 it was combined with the Federal Energy Administration to form the Department of Energy (DOE).
- 121.
Editors’ note: This series of documents was a detailed “catalog” of Sandia’s technical capabilities that, for many years, was updated regularly. These documents were a major tool in the lab’s diversification (referred to in the next paragraph) involving various Department of Energy programs as well as reimbursable projects for other government agencies.
- 122.
Peter Lysne retired in 1996 from the Geothermal Research Department after leaving shock wave research in the late 1970s.
- 123.
Mike McGlaun moved to another organization in 1996 that was not directly involved with shock compression science. He retired from Sandia in 2006.
- 124.
Editors’ note: This acronym stands for Central Processing Unit.
- 125.
Editors’ note: The term “Tiger Teams” at that time (the early 1990s) was used to describe the teams of experts that investigated each Department of Energy laboratory for environmental, health, and safety concerns.
- 126.
Editors’ note: The superscripts N1 to N12 in the text that follow refer to the Side Notes section at the end of Darrell’s narrative. Because of the length of his explanatory notes, which are of substantial interest, these are provided as notes at the end rather than as footnotes at the bottom of each page. He retired in 2003 and died in 2014.
- 127.
Editors’ note: Darrell was involved in shock wave research until 1978, when he transferred to a Geotechnology group at Sandia.
- 128.
Editors’ note: Managers of divisions were called Division Supervisors at that time in Sandia’s history. Currently, divisions are now called departments.
- 129.
Editors’ note: A kip is a non-SI unit of force that equals to 1000 lb-force. It is used primarily by American architects and engineers to measure engineering loads. (“SI” refers to the International System of Units.)
- 130.
Editors’ note: Ray left Sandia in the early 1960s to go to graduate school at UT Austin and did not intend to return to Sandia after that. Phone books from that era indicate he was not a Sandian from 1962 to 1966. But, as this recollection indicates, he did return.
- 131.
Editors’ note: According to the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, a site maintained by Case Reserve University (http://ech.cwru.edu/index.html), Clevite Corporation was founded as Cleveland Graphite Bronze in 1919 to make bearings and bushings for automobiles. After World War II, Clevite became heavily involved in defense contracts. The corporate name was changed to Clevite in 1952. In 1969, Clevite was acquired by Gould-National Batteries.
- 132.
Department 5130 was formed around 1956 with the name “Experimental Weapons Research” and managed by K. (Ken) W. Erickson. In 1957, the name was changed to “Physical Research” and managed by G. Hansche. Later, in 1971, the name became “Physics of Solids Research” under George Samara. The name and organization number continued throughout the rest of the department’s history. In 1960 a sister “Physical Sciences Research” Department (5150) was formed with Richard Claassen as the first manager.
- 133.
Editors’ note: FORTRAN (for FORmula TRANslating System) was developed in the 1950s by IBM. In the 1990s the name was changed to Fortran.
- 134.
Editors’ note: Area Y was about 6 miles south of the main Sandia complex.
- 135.
Editors’ note: Until recently, Ktech was a major technical support supplier to Sandia. In June 2011 Ktech Corporation was acquired by Raytheon and became part of the Raytheon Missile Systems division.
- 136.
Editors’ note: A Butler building is a “temporary” corrugated metal structure that has a foundation. With the need for rapid expansion after World War II, Sandia relied on (and still relies on) such structures. Buildings 849 and 851, two Butler buildings installed in 1949, are still in use in Area I. See R.A. Ullrich, C. Martin, and D. Gerdes, Historic Building Survey and Assessment Sandia National Laboratories New Mexico Site Albuquerque, New Mexico, Vol. 1: Survey and Assessment, Sandia National Laboratories Report No. SAND2010-6117P (August 2010).
- 137.
Editors’ note: Dr. Ruth David began her professional career at Sandia in 1975 with a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering. She served as the Director of Advanced Information Technologies at Sandia and, before that (from 1991 to 1994), as the Director of the Development Testing Center. In 1995, she left Sandia to become the Deputy Director for Science and Technology at the Central Intelligence Agency, and in October 1998, she was appointed President and Chief Executive Officer of Analytic Services, Inc., an independent, not-for-profit, public service institute that provides research and analytic support to a number of government agencies. In 2012 she was appointed a member of the National Science Board of the National Science Foundation.
- 138.
Bill Reinhart worked for a number of years as a contractor to the shock wave group at Sandia before finally becoming a Sandia employee in 1999.
- 139.
Editors’ note: ES&H is Environment, Safety, and Health.
- 140.
Al Romig prepared this memoriam at the request of the National Academy of Engineering for George A. Samara, who was also a member of the academy. See Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2008), Vol. 12, pp. 240–245, reprinted with permission from the National Academies Press. The first paragraph has been omitted from this version of Al Romig’s memorium. Explanatory footnotes that are not part of the original have been added.
- 141.
Editors’ note: ROTC is the Reserve Officer Training Corps.
- 142.
Editors’ note: MBE is molecular beam epitaxy.
- 143.
Editors’ note: CVD is chemical vapor deposition.
- 144.
This memoriam was published by Springer-Verlag in Shock Waves 7, no. 3, pp. 213–214 (2007), reprinted with permission of Springer Science and Business Media. The first paragraph has been omitted and an explanatory footnote was added.
- 145.
Editors’ note: Note that Professor Drickamer’s name was misspelled in the original of this remembrance.
- 146.
Karl Schuler left the shock wave program in 1978 and continued research in engineering applications until his retirement in 1996.
- 147.
Herb Sutherland left the shock wave group in 1978; he retired from Sandia in 2005.
- 148.
Sam had a varied career at Sandia. He worked on the development of hydrodynamic codes for shock wave simulations until he moved in 1980 into management involved with reactor safety analyses. He returned to the shock wave program in the mid 1980s and continued code development until about 1989. He died in 1994.
- 149.
RSCORS is an acronym for Revised Stromberg Carlson Optical Recoding System, which was the software and hardware system in the 1970s for generating graphs from computer runs.
- 150.
As of this writing, Tim left shock wave research around 2003 and, as of this writing, continues as a Senior Scientist in computational sciences.
- 151.
Editors’ note: An SI conversion guide refers to the guide to the International System of Units, or SI.
- 152.
As of this writing, Tracy Vogler works in an engineering mechanics group at Sandia in Livermore, CA, and continues his involvement with the shock wave work in the Pulsed Power Sciences Center.
- 153.
Yogi is a professor in the Department of Physics and the Director of the Institute of Shock Physics at Washington State University.
- 154.
See the recollections of Jim Asay and Lalit Chhabildas.
- 155.
Jack Wise’s shock wave research at Sandia was interrupted by a stint in geothermal research at Sandia from 1993–2005. Jack was promoted to Distinguished Member of Technical Staff in 2016.
- 156.
In 1990, Admiral James D. Watkins, the Secretary of Energy under George H.W. Bush, instituted a “Tiger Team” assessment process to identify, address, and rectify ES&H issues at the Department of Energy’s research, production, and testing facilities. The independent Tiger Teams conducted environment, safety, and health and management compliance assessments at all DOE facilities. The Tigers arrived on April 15, 1991, and were at Sandia through May 24, 1991. The on-site visit was preceded by self appraisals by all Sandia organizations; following the visit, remediation plans were established to address the findings and concerns identified by the Tiger Teams.
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Asay, J.R., Chhabildas, L.C., Lawrence, R.J., Sweeney, M.A. (2017). Chapter 9 Memories of Shock Wave Research at Sandia. In: Impactful Times. Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33347-2_9
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