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Influences of Arthropod Vectors on Encephalitic Arboviruses

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Neurotropic Viral Infections

Abstract

This chapter describes viruses that can cause encephalitic symptoms in vertebrate hosts and whose transmission cycle involves arthropod vectors, for example, species of mosquito or tick. The dependence of these viruses on their arthropod vectors and the complexity of the interactions between these viruses and the vector can have a number of consequences. The biology and life cycle of these vectors, can, for example, influence virus evolution and the genetic diversity of the pathogen.

When compared to other routes of infection, the involvement of the arthropod can influence different aspects of the disease including pathogenesis, duration, and severity of disease. These effects result from the complexity of the relationship between the vector and the vertebrate host. The basis for these effects is the need for the vectors to obtain a blood meal from the host, a process that involves the inoculation of arthropod saliva into the skin and circulatory system of the host. The saliva of hematophagous arthropods is extremely complex with often more than 100 different components. These components, primarily proteins, have evolved to combat vertebrate hemostasis responses. Saliva therefore contains substances with vasodilatory, antiplatelet, and anti-coagulating properties. Whilst exposure of the host to the foreign protein can result in a rapid influx of macrophages and other cells to the feeding site, which in itself can influence virus establishment, an additional function of saliva can also be of critical importance.

The saliva of arthropods can have immunomodulatory activity. With respect to hard ticks that may feed on the host for many days, this is very important because alteration of the immune responses can effectively cloak the feeding tick from responses that could lead to a failure of successful blood acquisition and perhaps tick death. With respect to the virus being transmitted, it is these vector-directed changes in the vertebrate immune responses that can impact establishment at the feeding site, spread to other tissues and diseases progression. Additionally, the success of virus transmission from vertebrate to vector can be influenced.

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Acknowledgements

The advice and critical reading of several drafts of this chapter in the first edition by Dr. E.A. Gould, and by Dr. D. Watts, and the useful discussions with Dr. R.B. Tesh and N. Vasilakis are most gratefully acknowledged. We thank most sincerely the review and updating of this revision by Dr. Saravanan Thangamani and his provision of his research data in manuscripts in advance of publication. This chapter is dedicated to Dr. Colin Leake, who introduced me to the field of mosquito-borne arboviruses and who died at the age of 64 on 25th April 2015.

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  1. Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA

    Stephen Higgs & Dana L. Vanlandingham

  2. Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, 1041 Pat Roberts Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506-7600, USA

    Stephen Higgs

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    Carol Shoshkes Reiss

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Higgs, S., Vanlandingham, D.L. (2016). Influences of Arthropod Vectors on Encephalitic Arboviruses. In: Reiss, C. (eds) Neurotropic Viral Infections. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_11

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