The Legal Dialogue (2010–2012)

Talseth, Lars-Christian U.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33126-3_6

Lars-Christian U. Talseth²

621 Accesses

Abstract

In 2004, the EU’s then outgoing Commission President, Romano Prodi, described the Russia–EU relationship as ‘anything but institutions’. This was especially true about energy. As late as 2013, one of the few scholars on the Energy Dialogue noted that ‘energy constitutes one of the least legally detailed areas of Russia-EU cooperation, which only enhances the potential for politicization’. But even though the relationship lacked mutual, legally binding institutions, legal institutions nevertheless mattered enormously.

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Notes

1.
Romano Prodi, “A Wider Europe—A Proximity Policy As the Key to Stability,” ed. European Commission (Brussels: European Commission, 2002).
2.
Tatiana Romanova, “Russia-EU Energy Ties: Problems and Possibilities,” Valdai Discussion Club, 8 May 2013.
3.
This is of course a big simplification, as much legal scholarship is in fact very devoted to the art of judgement and interpretation, including Bakhtinian approaches, see: Desmond Manderson, “Mikhail Bakhtin and the Field of Law and Literature,” (2012): 9, 25.
4.
Michael Holquist, “The impossibility of being faithful: the metaphor of textual constancy and the illusion of linguistic monism,” Neohelicon 40, no. 1 (2013).
5.
Caryl Emerson, “Bakhtin After the Boom: Pro and Contra,” Journal of European Studies 32, no. 124 (2002): 18.
6.
Michael Gardiner, The Dialogics of Critique : M.M. Bakhtin and the Theory of Ideology (London: Routledge, 1992), 136.
7.
U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Spot Prices”.
8.
Paul Magnette, “Welcome Address Belgian Minister for Energy, P. Magnette,” in 10th Anniversary of the EU-Russia Energy Dialogue (Brussels 2010).
9.
Sergei Shmatko, “Vstupitel’noe slovo Ministra energetiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii Sergeia Ivanovicha Shmatko,” ibid.
10.
ITAR-TASS, “Rossii i ES sleduet aktivizirovat’ sotrudnichestvo v kontekste monopolii Kitaia na rynke redkozemel’nykh materialov—Iazev,” ITAR-TASS, 22 November 2010.
11.
Alexander Medvedev, “Gazprom and the European Union: Reshaping Our Partnership,” in 10th Anniversary of the EU-Russia Energy Dialogue (Brussels 2010).
12.
Günther Oettinger, “Keynote Speech,” ibid.
13.
European Parliament, “Subject: Russia-EU Energy Dialogue,” (Strasbourg: European Parliament, 2001).
14.
EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “Synthesis Report,” 2.
15.
European Union and Russian Federation, “Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation.”
16.
Ibid.
17.
European Parliament, “Subject: Russia-EU Energy Dialogue.”
18.
Directorate General of Energy and Transport, “Repertoire of the Acquis Communautaire.”
19.
Financial Times, “Observer: Lamoureux’s 6,000-Page Legacy,” Financial Times, 11 November 2005.
20.
European Commission, “Contribution to a Preliminary Draft Constitution of the European Union, Working Document,” V, 8.
21.
Romano Prodi, “Presenting the Commission Communication to the European Convention,” (Brussel: European Commission, 2002), 3.
22.
François Lamoureux, “Projet de Constitution: de la nécessité d’organiser une “arrière-garde”,” Revue du droit de l’Union Européenne, no. 4 (2003).
23.
European Commission, “Energy Dialogue with Russia—Progress Since the October 2001 EU-Russia Summit,” 5.
24.
“Country Strategy Paper 2007–2013, Russian Federation,” (Brussels: European Commission, 2007), 21.
25.
European Union and Russian Federation, “Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation,” Article 65.
26.
Konoplyanik and Halem, “The Energy Charter Treaty: A Russian Perspective.”
27.
Author’s interview with Russian Official C.
28.
Angus Charles Johnston and Guy Block, EU Energy Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 11.01.
29.
Ibid., 11.02.
30.
Author’s interviews with Russian Official A; Russian Official B; Russian Official C.
31.
Energy Charter Secretariat, “The Energy Charter Treaty and Related Documents.”
32.
Author’s interview with Russian Official A.
33.
ITAR-TASS, “Russia Not Ready to Sign Protocol to Energy Charter—Khristenko,” ITAR-TASS, 24 June 2003.
34.
Author’s interview with Russian Official C.
35.
Amelia Hadfield and Adnan Amkhan-Bayno, “From Russia with Cold Feet: EU-Russia Energy Relations, and the Energy Charter Treaty,” International Journal of Energy Security and Environmental Research 1: 5.
36.
EU-Russia Summit, “Joint Statement.”
37.
Author’s interviews with Klaus Kleinekorte; Dutch Industry Official.
38.
Author’s interview with Sergei Komlev, Head of Pricing and Contract Formation at Gazprom Export [Moscow, 04.04.12]. The source would like to stress that he was expressing himself in a personal capacity and not on behalf of Gazprom Export.
39.
EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “Second Progress Report,” 2.
40.
“Third Progress Report,” 2.
41.
Aleksandr Mineev, “Klienty ‘Gazproma’ liberalizuiut rynok,” Vremia Novostei, 18 March 2002.
42.
Vladimir Chizhov, “O vstreche zamestitelia Ministra inostrannykh del Rossii V.A.Chizhova s poslami stran Evrosoiuza,” (Moscow: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, 2004).
43.
Mark Smith, “Russia & the EU under Putin,” Russian Series 4, no. 20 (2004): 6.
44.
National Investment Council and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, The Effect of the EU Enlargement on Russia’s Economy (Moscow: National Investment Council, 2004), 44–45.
45.
Vladimir Putin, “Concluding Speech by Russian President Vladimir Putin at Meeting of Petersburg Dialogue Forum,” (Weimar: Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2002).
46.
European Council and European Parliament, “Directive 98/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998.”
47.
European Commission, “Energy Dialogue with Russia—Update on Progress,” 11–12.
48.
EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “Third Progress Report,” 2.
49.
National Investment Council and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, The Effect of the EU Enlargement on Russia’s Economy, 49.
50.
Council of the European Union, “2563rd Council meeting—External Relations,” (Brussels: Council of the European Union, 2004).
51.
Reuters, “Khristenko Rebuffs Hopes for Gas Reform,” Reuters, 15 March 2006.
52.
Kasyanov, “Energy Security and Russia-EU Cooperation.”
53.
Russia Energy, “Valery Yazev,” Russia Energy, 4 March 2009.
54.
For a detailed account, see Pirani, Stern, and Yafimava, The Russo-Ukrainian Gas Dispute of January 2009, a Comprehensive Assessment.
55.
Jan Puhl, Christian Schwärgerl, and Christopher Sultan, “Spiegel Interview with Russia’s Energy Minister,” Der Spiegel, 11 February 2009.
56.
Author’s interview with Russian Official A.
57.
Maxi Scherer and Alan Riley, “The Effect of the Yukos Case and Proceedings on the EU-Russia Energy Relationship,” in The EU-Russia Energy Relationship: The Effect of the Yukos Case & Proceedings (London: ESCP Europe, 2013).
58.
Russian Federation, “Conceptual Approach to the New Legal Framework for Energy Cooperation (Goals and Principles),” (Moscow: President of Russia, 2009).
59.
ITAR-TASS, “Russian Prime Minister Becomes Member of United Russia Party,” ITAR-TASS, 22 May 2012.
60.
Euractiv, “EU-Russia Welcome ‘New Page’ in Relationship,” Euractiv, 30 June 2008.
61.
Vladimir I. Feygin, “Basic Principles of Possible New International Legal Framework in Energy,” in Izmeneniya v energeticheskom zakonodatel’stve ES: Prakticheskie stsenarii po ukrepleniyu energeticheskogo partnerstva Rossii i ES (Moscow: IMEMO, 2010).
62.
Eberhard Sandschneider, “Crisis in Russia-EU Energy Relationship,” DGAP Aktuell, no. 4 (2009); Lucian Kim, “Medvedev’s Initiative Won’t Replace Energy Charter, EU Says,” Bloomberg, 30 April 2009.
63.
Author’s interviews with Stanislav Zhiznin; Russian Official A.
64.
Author’s interview with Russian Official D.
65.
Pinar Akman and Hussein Kassim, “Myths and Myth-Making in the European Union: The Institutionalization and Interpretation of EU Competition Policy,” Journal of Common Market Studies 48, no. 1 (2010): 119.
66.
Evert van der Zweerde, “’Civil Society’ and ‘Orthodox Christianity’ in Russia: a Double Test-Case,” Religion, State & Society 27, no. 1 (1999).
67.
Putin, “Russia at the Turn of the Millennium.”
68.
Hill and Gaddy, Mr. Putin, Operative in the Kremlin, 50.
69.
Ibid., 54.
70.
Catherine Belton, “Ousted Kudrin Hits out at Russian Budget,” Financial Times, 27 September 2011.
71.
Milov, “The EU-Russia Energy Dialogue: Competition Versus Monopolies,” 12.
72.
Interfax, “Legal Basis for Gazprom’s Gas Export Monopoly Is Good for State—Khristenko,” Interfax, 16 July 2006.
73.
Reuters, “Khristenko Rebuffs Hopes for Gas Reform.”
74.
Puhl, Schwärgerl, and Sultan, “Spiegel Interview with Russia’s Energy Minister.”
75.
Ibid.
76.
Katya Golubkova and Melissa Akin, “Rosneft to Take over Russian Gas Firm Itera for $3 billion,” Reuters, 28 May 2013.
77.
Author’s interview with Vladimir Drebentsov.
78.
RIA Novosti, “Law Ending Gazprom’s Gas Export Monopoly Enters Into Force,” RIA Novosti, 2 December 2013.
79.
Kahtrin Hille, “Russia Paves Way for Limited Liberalisation of LNG Exports,” Financial Times, 22 November 2013.
80.
Putin, “Poslanie Federal’nomu Sobraniiu Rossiiskoi Federatsii.”
81.
Gustafson, Wheel of Fortune, the Battle for Oil and Power in Russia, 391.
82.
Tkachenko, “Actors in Russia’s Energy Policy towards the EU.”
83.
Author’s interview with Vladimir Milov.
84.
Gustafson, Wheel of Fortune, the Battle for Oil and Power in Russia, 393.
85.
EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “Joint Report EU-Russia Energy Dialogue 2000–2010,” 7; “Ninth Progress Report,” 5.
86.
Gustafson, Wheel of Fortune, the Battle for Oil and Power in Russia, 395.
87.
Irina Markov et al., “Chetyre iz 150 i eshche 46,” Vedomosti, 22 January 2009; Gustafson, Wheel of Fortune, the Battle for Oil and Power in Russia, 401.
88.
Wheel of Fortune, the Battle for Oil and Power in Russia, 400.
89.
Ibid., 399.
90.
Geropolous, “Putin Snubs Sofia Summit over Nabucco, Ukraine.”; author’s interview with Mikhail Kroutikhin, partner at RusEnergy [E-mail and phone, 27.04 & 02.05.11, 21.01.11].
91.
Hill and Gaddy, Mr. Putin, Operative in the Kremlin, 113–4.
92.
Nemtsov and Milov, Putin and Gazprom, an Independent Expert Report. 43–44; Gustafson, Wheel of Fortune, the Battle for Oil and Power in Russia, 559; Talseth, “A Dialogue of the Deaf: The EU-Russia Energy Dialogue 2000–2009.”
93.
Leonid Bershidsky, “Vladimir Putin, the Richest Man on Earth,” Bloomberg View, 17 September 2013; Luke Harding, “Revealed: The $2bn Offshore Trail That Leads to Vladimir Putin,” The Guardian, 3 April 2016.
94.
Rudiger Ahrend and William Tompson, “Fifteen Years of Economic Reform in Russia: What has been Achieved? What Remains to be Done,” OECD Economic Department Working Paper (2005): 17.
95.
Dmitri Medvedev, “Speech at Inauguration Ceremony as President of Russia,” (Moscow: President of Russia, 2008).
96.
Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index.
97.
European Council and European Parliament, “Directive 98/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998,” see Article 9.
98.
Stephen Thomas, The European Union Gas and Electricity Directives (London: Public Services International Research Institute, University of Greenwich, 2005), 10.
99.
Per Ove Eikeland, “The Third Internal Energy Market Package: New Power Relations among Member States, EU Institutions and Non-state Actors?,” Journal of Common Market Studies 49, no. 2 (2011): 250.
100.
Author’s interview with Klaus Kleinekorte.
101.
Eikeland, “The Third Internal Energy Market Package: New Power Relations among Member States, EU Institutions and Non-state Actors?,” 250.
102.
European Council and European Parliament, “Directive 98/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998,” Articles 9 & 13.
103.
European Commission, “Impact Assessment,” (Brussels: European Commission, 2007), 3.
104.
Eikeland, “The Third Internal Energy Market Package: New Power Relations among Member States, EU Institutions and Non-state Actors?.”
105.
Jose Manuel Barroso and Günter Verheugen, “Working Together for Growth and Jobs, a New Start for the Lisbon Strategy,” (Brussels: European Commission, 2005).
106.
European Parliament, “3rd Energy Package Gets Final Approval from MEPs,” (Brussels: European Parliament, 2009).
107.
Euractiv, “Eight EU States Oppose Unbundling, Table ‘Third Way’,” Euractiv, 1 February 2008.
108.
European Union, “Treaty of Lisbon,” (Lisbon: Official Journal of the European Communities, 2007), 87.
109.
Republic of Azerbaijan, “INOGATE,” (Baku: State Agency on Alternative and Renewable Resources, 2014).
110.
Eikeland, “The Third Internal Energy Market Package: New Power Relations among Member States, EU Institutions and Non-state Actors?,” 50.
111.
Author’s interview with Klaus Kleinekorte.
112.
Eikeland, “The Third Internal Energy Market Package: New Power Relations among Member States, EU Institutions and Non-state Actors?,” 253.
113.
Alan Riley, “Commission v. Gazprom: The Antitrust Clash of the Decade?,” CEPS Policy Brief 285, no. 31 October (2012).
114.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union, “Information Exchange Mechanism with Regard to Intergovernmental Agreements between Member States and Third Countries in the Field of Energy,” (Brussels: European Commission, 2011), 1.
115.
Author’s interviews with Mati Murd; Dins Merirands; EU National Official E.
116.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union, “Decision No 994/2012/EU,” (Official Journal of the European Union, 2012).
117.
Scaroni, “Europe Must Speak with One Voice on Energy.”
118.
Der Spiegel, “Revising History: Politician Under Fire for Praising Former Nazi Judge,” Der Spiegel, 16 April 2007.
119.
Florian Gathmann and Hans-Jürgen Schlamp, “Günther Who? EU Perplexed by Germany’s Choice of Oettinger as Commissioner,” ibid., 27 October 2009; Greg Delawie, “Lame Duck German Governor Kicked Upstairs as New Energy Commissioner in Brussels,” no. 09BERLIN1636_a (2009).
120.
Gathmann and Schlamp, “Günther Who? EU Perplexed by Germany’s Choice of Oettinger as Commissioner.”
121.
Ibid.; Rebecca Harms, “Harms: Oettinger schadet dem Ansehen der EU-Klimapolitik,” (Brussels: The Greens/European Free Alliance, 2010).
122.
EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “The First Ten Years: 2000–2010,” 19.
123.
Author’s interview with Vaclav Bartuska.
124.
Gathmann and Schlamp, “Günther Who? EU Perplexed by Germany’s Choice of Oettinger as Commissioner.”; Delawie, “Lame Duck German Governor Kicked Upstairs as New Energy Commissioner in Brussels”.
125.
Barbara Lewis, “Cold Crisis Shows Need to End Energy Fiefdoms-Oettinger,” Reuters, 14 February 2012.
126.
Siobhan Hall, “EU’s Energy Market Reforms Making a Difference,” Platts, 23 January 2013.
127.
Author’s interview with Quentin Perret.
128.
Author’s interview with EU National Official E.
129.
Author’s interview with Vaclav Bartuska.
130.
Author’s interview with Jonathan Stern.
131.
Helm, Energy, the State, and the Market, British Energy Policy Since 1979, 382–84.
132.
Radu Dudău and Teodora Simoniel, The Politics of the Third Energy Package (Bucharest: Romania Energy Center, 2011), 4–5.
133.
Euractiv, “Russia Lifts Embargo on Polish Meat,” Euractiv, 21 December 2007.
134.
Walter S. Reid III et al., “Nato Allies Lack Cohesion During First Meeting On Georgia Crisis,” no. 08USNATO281 (2008).
135.
Ibid.
136.
Katinka Barysch, “PCA? The EU Needs a Real Russia Debate,” Centre for European Reform, 24 November 2008.
137.
Euractiv, “EU, Russia Seek ‘Common Language’ on Energy,” Euractiv, 23 November 2010.
138.
EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “12th Progress Report,” (Moscow: EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, 2011), 7.
139.
The grey lines show total imports as a percentage of total consumption, whereas the black lines show Russian imports as a share of total imports. Data compiled from: ibid.
140.
Khristenko, “Making Headway to Integration.”
141.
Author’s interview with Dutch Industry Official.
142.
Günther Verheugen and Viktor Khristenko, “The Common European Economic Space (CEES), Concept Paper,” (Brussels/Moscow: High-Level Group of the Common European Economic Space, 2004), see Article 17.
143.
European Union and Russian Federation, “Joint Statement on the Partnership for Modernisation,” (Rostov-on-Don: Council of the European Union, 2010).
144.
Joanna Sopinska, “Partnership for Modernisation: Unpromising start,” Europolitics, 2 December 2010.
145.
European Commission, “Impact Assessment,” (Brussels: European Commission, 2011).
146.
“Energy Roadmap 2050,” (Brussels: European Commission, 2011), 2.
147.
Author’s interview with Maxim Buyakevich, former First Secretary, Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the EU [Phone, 06.11.12].
148.
Author’s interview with Mati Murd.
149.
Author’s interview Russian Official B; Yasmina Sahraoui, “Interview with Dr. Vladimir Feygin,” Natural Gas Europe, 24 January 2013.
150.
Author’s interviews with Russian Official B; Russian Official D.
151.
Author’s interview with Jonathan Stern.
152.
By 2014, Russia’s share of total natural gas imports was 36.7 per cent, nearly on par with pre-crisis levels, whereas its share of total crude imports fell to 30 per cent; see European Commission, “Eurostat”.
153.
Tatiana Mitrova, “Chto na samom dele khochet Briussel’ ot “Gazproma’?,” Forbes.ru, 7 September 2012.
154.
BBC, “Russian Media Concerned at EU’s “Unexpected” Gazprom Antitrust Raids,” BBC Monitoring, 30 September 2011.
155.
Vladimir Putin, “Russia and the Changing World,” (Moscow: Government of the Russian Federation, 2012).
156.
Khristenko, “Making Headway to Integration.”
157.
Ivanov, “Ne poddavaites’ na ulovki Briusselia.”
158.
Ivanov, “E dinyi vnutrennii rynok es: svet, teni, istoricheskaia perspektiva.”
159.
Johnston and Block, EU Energy Law, 4.23.
160.
Andrew Rettman, “Energy Quarrel, Topless Protest Mark EU-Russia Summit,” EU Observer, 21 December 2012.
161.
European Union and Russian Federation, “Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation.”
162.
Author’s interview with Jonathan Stern.
163.
Euractiv, “EU, Russia Seek ‘Common Language’ on Energy.”
164.
EU–Russia Internal Market Work Stream, “Glossary of Gas Market Terms,” (Gas Advisory Council, 2012), 2–3.
165.
Ibid.
166.
Russian Federation and European Commission, “EU-Russia Common Spaces Progress Report,” (Brussels/Moscow: Russian Federation/European Commission, 2012), 1.
167.
Russian Federation, “Main Elements of Russia’s Proposals on the NBA Trade and Investment Section Subject to Solution of Problems of MA for Russian Goods in the WTO Framework,” (Moscow: Government of the Russian Federation, 2012), 2.
168.
Author’s interview with Vladimir Drebentsov.
169.
Russian Federation, “Main Elements of Russia’s Proposals on the NBA Trade and Investment Section Subject to Solution of Problems of MA for Russian Goods in the WTO Framework,” 2.
170.
Author’s interview with Ismo Koskinen, Energy Councellor, EU Delegation to the Russian Federation [Moscow, 15.02.12]
171.
Author’s interview with Russian Official E.
172.
Author’s interview with Quentin Perret.
173.
Author’s interview with EU National Official E.
174.
Russian-American Business, “Russia-E.U. Talks on Third Energy Package Come to Impasse Shmatko,” Russian-American Business, 21 February 2012.
175.
Lenta.ru, “Prezidentu “Rosnefti” prochat dolzhnost’ ministra energetiki,” Lenta.ru, 26 August 2010.
176.
Howard Amos, “Minister Seeks Exemption from EU Energy Package for South Stream,” The Moscow Times, 17 December 2012.
177.
Kostis Geropoulos, “Oettinger Raises South Stream Issue with Russia,” New Europe, 13 December 2012.
178.
Russian–American Business, “Russia-E.U. Talks on Third Energy Package Come to Impasse Shmatko.”
179.
Author’s interview with Russian Official A.

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Defense Staff Norway, Oslo, Norway
Lars-Christian U. Talseth

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Talseth, LC.U. (2017). The Legal Dialogue (2010–2012). In: The Politics of Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33126-3_6

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33126-3_6
Published: 25 January 2017
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