Abstract
Different methods of CTOA measurements are described: Optical microscopy coupled with digital image correlation, analytical analysis of experimental load-displacement curves or simulation by Finite Element method. Using a Modified Compact Tension (MCT) specimen at room temperature, tests are performed to measure the value of the CTOA of API 5L X65 pipe steel. The influence of thickness on CTOA has been studied and explained through a “triaxial stress constraint”. Crack extension is modelled by the finite element method using the CTOA criterion coupled with the node release technique. Crack velocity, arrest pressure and crack extension at arrest have been determined. Values of the CTOA are not intrinsic to materials. Like other measures of fracture toughness, it is sensitive to geometry and loading mode. This sensitivity can be described by a constraint parameter. For the thickness effect, the constraint parameter Tz is very appropriate.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Amaro RL, Sowards JW, Drexler ES, McColskey JD, MacCowan C (2013) CTOA testing of pipe line steels using MDCB specimens. J Pipe Eng 3:199–216
Andersson H (1973) A finite element representation of stable crack growth. J Mech Phys Solids 21:337–356
ASTM E2472-06e1 (2002) Standard test method for determination of resistance to stable crack extension under low-constraint conditions
Ben Amara M, Capelle J, Azari Z, Pluvinage G (2015) Prediction of arrest pressure in pipe based on CTOA. J Pipe Eng 14
Brocks W, Yuan H (1991) Numerical studies on stable crack growth. In: Defect assessment in components fundamentals and applications, vol 9. ESIS Publication, Oxford, UK, pp 19–33
Capelle J, Ben Amara M, Pluvinage G, Azari Z (2014) Role of constraint on the shift of ductile–brittle transition temperature of subsize Charpy specimens. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct 37:1291–1385
Civallero M, Mirabile M, Sih GC (1981) Fracture mechanics in pipeline technology. In: Sih GC, Mirabile M (eds) Analytical and experimental fracture mechanics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp 157–174
Cotterell B (1980) Slightly curved or kinked cracks. Int J Fract 16(2):155–169
Cen C (2013) Characterization and calculation of fracture toughness for high grade pipes. PhD thesis, University of Alberta
Darcis PhP, McCowan CN, Windhoff H, McColskey JD, Siewert TA (2008) Crack tip opening angle optical measurement methods in five pipeline steels. Eng Fract Mech 75:2453–2468
Dawicke D, Sutton M (1994) CTOA and crack-tunneling measurements in thin sheet 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. Exp Mech 34(4):357–368
Demofonti G, Buzzichelli G, Venzi S, Kanninen M (1995) Step by step procedure for the two specimen CTOA test. In: Denys R (ed) Pipeline technology, vol II. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Demofonti G, Mannucci G, Hillenbrand HG, Harris D (2004) Evaluation of X100 steel pipes for high pressure gas transportation pipelines by full scale tests. In: International pipeline conference, Calgary, Canada
Erdogan F, Sih GC (1963) On the crack extension in plates under loading and transverse shear. Trans ASMEJ Basic Eng 85:519–527
Eiber R, Bubenik T, Maxey W (1993) GASDECOM, computer code for the calculation of gas decompression speed that is included in fracture control technology for natural gas pipelines. NG-18 Report 208, American Gas Association Catalog
Jakobsen E (2013) Deformation of pressurized pipelines. Master thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Gullerud AS, Dodds RH, Hampton RW, Dawicke DS (1999) Three-dimensional modeling of ductile crack growth in thin sheet metals: computational aspects and validation. Eng Fract Mech 63(4):347–374
Hampton RW, Nelson D (2003) Stable crack growth and instability prediction in thin plates and cylinders. Eng Fract Mech 70(3–4):469–491
Higuchi R, Makino H, Takeuchi I (2009) New concept and test method on running ductile fracture arrest for high pressure gas pipeline. In: 24th world gas conference, WGC 2009, vol 4. International Gas Union, Buenos Aires, Argentina, pp 2730–2737
Heerens J, Schödel M (2003) On the determination of crack tip opening angle CTOA using light microscopy and δ5 measurement technique. Eng Fract Mech 70(3–4):417–426
James MA, Newman JC (2003) The effect of crack tunnelling on crack growth: experiments and CTOA analyses. Eng Fract Mech 70(3):457–468
Fang J, Zhang J, Wang L (2014) Evaluation of cracking behavior and critical CTOA values of pipeline steel from DWTT specimens. Eng Fract Mech 124(125):18–29
Kanninen MF, Rybicki EF, Stonesifer RB, Broek D, Rosenfield AR, Nalin GT (1979) Elastic–plastic fracture mechanics for two dimensional stable crack growth and instability problems. ASTM STP 668:121–150
Lloyd W, McClintock F (2003) Microtopography for ductile fracture process characterization part 2: application for CTOA analysis. Eng Fract Mech 70(3–4):403–415
Martinelli A, Venzi S (1996) Tearing modulus, J-integral, CTOA and crack profile shape obtained from the load–displacement curve only. Eng Fract Mech 53:263–277
Maxey WA (1981) Dynamic crack propagation in line pipe. In: Sih GC, Mirabile M (eds) Analytical and experimental, fracture mechanics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp 109–123
Maxey WA (1974) 5th symposium on line pipe research, PRCI Catalog No. L30174, Paper J, p 16
Newman JC, James MA, Zerbst U (2003) A review of the CTOA/CTOD fracture criterion. Eng Fract Mech 70:371–385
Newman JC Jr (1984) An elastic–plastic finite element analysis of crack initiation, stable crack growth, and instability. ASTM STP 833:93–117
Oikonomidis F, Shterenlikht A, Truman CE (2013) Prediction of crack propagation and arrest in x100 natural gas transmission pipelines with the strain rate dependent damage model, part 1: a novel specimen for the measurement of high strain rate fracture properties and validation of the SRDD model parameters. Int J Press Vessels Pip 105:60–68
O’Donoghue PE, Kanninen MF, Leung CP, Demofonti GetVenzi S (1997) The development and validation of a dynamic fracture propagation model for gas transmission pipelines. Int J Press Vessels Pip 70:11–25
Pirondi A, Fersini D (2009) Simulation of ductile crack growth in thin panels using the crack tip opening angle. Eng Fract Mech 76(1):88–100
Pluvinage G, Ben Amara M, Capelle J, Azari Z (2015) Crack tip opening angle as a fracture resistance parameter to describe ductile crack extension and arrest in steel pipes under service pressure. Phys Mesomech 18(4):355–369
Pluvinage G, Capelle J, Hadj Méliani M (2015) A review of fracture toughness transferability with constraint. In: Boukharouba T, Pluvinage G, Azouaoui K (eds) Applied mechanics, behavior of materials, and engineering systems—selected papers from 5th Algerian Congress of Mechanics, CAM2015, 25–29 October, El-Oued, Algeria
Rice JR, Sorensen EP (1978) Continuing crack tip deformation and fracture for plane-strain crack growth in elastic–plastic solids. J Mech Phys Solids 26:163–186
Shih CF, de Lorenzi HG, Andrews WR (1979) Studies on crack initiation and stable crack growth. ASTM STP 668:65–120
Scheider I, Schödel M, Brocks W, Schönfeld W (2006) “Crack propagation analyses with CTOA and cohesive model”: comparison and experimental validation. Eng Fract Mech 73(2):252–263
Sugie E, Matsuoka M, Akiyama H, Mimura T, Kawaguchi Y (1982) A study of shear crack-propagation in gas-pressurized pipelines. J Press Vessel Technol ASME 104(4):338–343
Tran DC (2013) Interaction rupture-flambage, le cas du «splitting» de tube métallique Approche expérimentale et numérique. PhD thesis, INSA de Lyon
Xu S, Petri N, Tyson WR (2009) Evaluation of CTOA from load vs. load-line displacement for C(T) specimen. Eng Fract Mech 76(13):2126–2134
Xu S, Bouchard R, Tyson WR (2007) Simplified single-specimen method for evaluating CTOA. Eng Fract Mech 74(15):2459–2464
Zerbst U, Heinimann M, Donne D, Steglich C (2007) Fracture and damage mechanics modelling of thin-walled structures—an overview. Eng Fract Mech. doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2007.10.005
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this paper
Cite this paper
Ben Amara, M., Pluvinage, G., Capelle, J., Azari, Z. (2017). The CTOA as a Parameter of Resistance to Crack Extension in Pipes Under Internal Pressure. In: Pluvinage, G., Milovic, L. (eds) Fracture at all Scales. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32634-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32634-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-32633-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-32634-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)