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Robotics in Agriculture and Forestry

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Springer Handbook of Robotics

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Abstract

Robotics for agriculture and forestry (GlossaryTerm

A&F

) represents the ultimate application of one of our society’s latest and most advanced innovations to its most ancient and important industries. Over the course of history, mechanization and automation increased crop output several orders of magnitude, enabling a geometric growth in population and an increase in quality of life across the globe. Rapid population growth and rising incomes in developing countries, however, require ever larger amounts of A&F output. This chapter addresses robotics for A&F in the form of case studies where robotics is being successfully applied to solve well-identified problems. With respect to plant crops, the focus is on the in-field or in-farm tasks necessary to guarantee a quality crop and, generally speaking, end at harvest time. In the livestock domain, the focus is on breeding and nurturing, exploiting, harvesting, and slaughtering and processing. The chapter is organized in four main sections. The first one explains the scope, in particular, what aspects of robotics for A&F are dealt with in the chapter. The second one discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with the application of robotics to A&F. The third section is the core of the chapter, presenting twenty case studies that showcase (mostly) mature applications of robotics in various agricultural and forestry domains. The case studies are not meant to be comprehensive but instead to give the reader a general overview of how robotics has been applied to A&F in the last 10 years. The fourth section concludes the chapter with a discussion on specific improvements to current technology and paths to commercialization.

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Abbreviations

2-D:

two-dimensional

3-D:

three-dimensional

4-D:

four-dimensional

A&F:

agriculture and forestry

CCD:

charge-coupled device

DOF:

degree of freedom

GARNICS:

gardening with a cognitive system

GLS:

global navigation satellite system

GPS:

global positioning system

HMI:

human–machine interaction

N&G:

nursery and greenhouse

NLIS:

national livestock identification scheme

OCPP:

optimal coverage path planning

PID:

proportional–integral–derivative

PWM:

pulse-width modulation

RTK:

real-time kinematics

SLAM:

simultaneous localization and mapping

TFP:

total factor productivity

TOF:

time-of-flight

UAV:

unmanned aerial vehicle

WDVI:

weighted difference vegetation index

WSN:

wireless sensor network

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, PA 15213, Pittsburgh, USA

    Marcel Bergerman

  2. Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, QLD 4350, Toowoomba, Australia

    John Billingsley

  3. Moline Technology Innovation Center, John Deere Co., One John Deere Place, IL 61265, Moline, USA

    John Reid

  4. Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands

    Eldert van Henten

Authors
  1. Marcel Bergerman
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  2. John Billingsley
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  3. John Reid
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  4. Eldert van Henten
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marcel Bergerman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125, Naples, Italy

    Bruno Siciliano

  2. Department of Computer Sciences, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, CA 94305, Stanford, USA

    Oussama Khatib

Video-References

Video-References

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Autonomous orchard tractors available from http://handbookofrobotics.org/view-chapter/56/videodetails/26

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Autonomous orchard vehicle for specialty crop production available from http://handbookofrobotics.org/view-chapter/56/videodetails/91

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Autonomous utility vehicle – R Gator available from http://handbookofrobotics.org/view-chapter/56/videodetails/93

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Automatic plant probing available from http://handbookofrobotics.org/view-chapter/56/videodetails/95

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Visual GPS – High accuracy localization for forestry machinery available from http://handbookofrobotics.org/view-chapter/56/videodetails/96

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Smart Seeder: An autonomous high accuracy seed planter for broad acre crops available from http://handbookofrobotics.org/view-chapter/56/videodetails/131

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A robot for harvesting sweet-pepper in greenhouses available from http://handbookofrobotics.org/view-chapter/56/videodetails/304

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Ladybird: An intelligent farm robot for the vegetable industry available from http://handbookofrobotics.org/view-chapter/56/videodetails/305

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An automated mobile platform for orchard scanning and for soil, yield, and flower mapping available from http://handbookofrobotics.org/view-chapter/56/videodetails/306

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A mini unmanned aerial system for remote sensing in agriculture available from http://handbookofrobotics.org/view-chapter/56/videodetails/307

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An autonomous cucumber harvester available from http://handbookofrobotics.org/view-chapter/56/videodetails/308

:

An autonomous robot for de-leafing cucumber plants available from http://handbookofrobotics.org/view-chapter/56/videodetails/309

:

The Intelligent Autonomous Weeder available from http://handbookofrobotics.org/view-chapter/56/videodetails/310

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Bergerman, M., Billingsley, J., Reid, J., van Henten, E. (2016). Robotics in Agriculture and Forestry. In: Siciliano, B., Khatib, O. (eds) Springer Handbook of Robotics. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32552-1_56

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