Skip to main content

Extensive Decentralisation - but in the Shadow of Hierarchy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Decentralisation in Europe

Abstract

The Nordic countries are classified as Social Democratic welfare states. They are unitary states with strong local government capacities. In the Nordic model the two spheres of government are integrated and responsibilities are divided between different levels of government in flexible ways. The system is decentralised with local government providing most of the welfare services, but with significant regulation from the national governmental level. Norway has 428 municipalities. Each municipality has an average of 11,000 inhabitants, but the majority is small with more than half of them having fewer than 5000 inhabitants. There have been several initiatives to merge municipalities into larger entities, but few of them have succeeded. Smaller municipalities prefer instead to base services provision by the use of inter-municipal cooperation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Bibliography

  • Baldersheim, H. (2012). Formannskapslovene 175 Ã¥r: Skiftande vilkÃ¥r for lokalt sjølvstyre 1837–2012. Oslo: Kommunal- og regionaldepartementet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldersheim, H., & Rose, L. (2014). Kommunale reformer som teoretiske utfordringer: Linjer og paradokser i lokal politikk og organisering. In H. Baldersheim & L. Rose (Eds.), Det kommunale laboratorium. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldersheim, H., & StÃ¥hlberg, K. (2002). From guided democracy to multi-level governance: Trends in central-local relations in the Nordic countries. Local Government Studies, 28(3), 74–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borge, L. E., & Rattsø, J. (2002). Spending growth with vertical fiscal imbalance: Decentralized government spending in Norway, 1880–1990. Economics and Politics, 14, 351–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castles, F. G. (2004). The future of the welfare state: Crisis myths and crisis realities. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, D. A. (2005). Velferdsstat, rettighetslovgivning og lokalt selvstyre. In Samspill og tillit: Om staten og lokaldemokratiet. Vedlegg 3, NOU 2005: 6, Oslo: Kommunal- og regionaldepartementet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, T., & Lægreid, P. (2006). Autonomy and regulation: Coping with agencies in the modern stat. Cheltenham: Edward Elgard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, T., Egeberg, M., Lægreid, P., & Aars, J. (2014). Forvaltning og politikk. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fimreite, A. L., & Grindheim, J. E. (2007). Offentlig forvaltning. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fimreite, A. L., & Tranvik, T. (2010). Norway. In M. J. Goldsmith & E. C. Page (Eds.), Changing government relations in Europe: From localism to intergovernmentalism. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiva, J. H., Hagen, T. P., & Sørensen, R. J. (2014). Kommunal organisering. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, T., & Stigen, I. M. (2012). Regionen som ramme for politisk-administrativ organisering. In T. Hansen, G. Sandkjær, J. E. Klausen, & O. Langeland (Eds.), Det regionale Norge 1950–2050. Oslo: Abstrakt forlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanssen, G. S., Helgesen, M. K., & Vabo, S. I. (2011). Politikk og demokrati. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk forlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatland, A., Kuhnle, S., & Romøren, T. I. (2011). Den norske velferdsstaten. Oslo: Gyldendal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heidar, K., Berntzen, E., & Bakke, E. (2008). Politikk i Europa: Partier, regjeringsmakt, styreform. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjellberg, F. (1995). The changing values of local government. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 540, 40–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet. (2013). Fakta om kommunene og fylkeskommunene. Retrieved November 5, from https://www.regjeringen.no/no/tema/kommuner-og-regioner/kommunalrett-og-kommunal-inndeling/forholdet-kommune-stat/fakta-om-kommunene-og-fylkeskommunene/id548623/.

  • Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet. (2014a). Kriterier for god kommunestruktur. Delrapport fra ekspertutvalg. Oslo: Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet. (2014b). Kriterier for god kommunestruktur. Sluttrapport fra ekspertutvalg. Oslo: Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet. (2014c). Rapport fra Det tekniske beregningsutvalg for kommunal og fylkeskommunal økonomi. Report November. Oslo: Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet. (2015). Statens personalhÃ¥ndbok 2015. Oslo: Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet. Retrieved November 4, 2015, from https://lovdata.no/dokument/SPH/sph-2015.

  • Kuhlmann, S., & Wollmann, H. (2014). Introduction to comparative public administration: Administrative systems and reforms in Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, H. O., & Offerdal, A. (2000). Political implications for the new Norwegian local government act of 1992. In E. AmnÃ¥ & S. Montin (Eds.), Towards a new concept of local self government? Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meld. St. 14 (2014–2015). Kommunereformen: Nye oppgaver til større kommuner. Oslo: Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordby, T. (2004). I politikkens sentrum: Variasjoner i Stortingets makt 1814–2004. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation. (2014). Local government in Norway. Oslo: Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation.

    Google Scholar 

  • NOU 1996: 1. Et enklere og mer rettferdig inntektssystem for kommuner og fylkeskommuner. Oslo: Kommunal- og arbeidsdepartementet.

    Google Scholar 

  • NOU 2000: 22. Om oppgavefordelingen mellom stat, region og kommune. Oslo: Kommunal- og regionaldepartementet.

    Google Scholar 

  • NOU 2005: 6. Samspill og tillit: Om staten og lokaldemokratiet. Oslo: Kommunal- og regionaldepartementet.

    Google Scholar 

  • NOU 2005: 18. Fordeling, forenkling, forbedring: Inntektssystemet for kommuner og fylkeskommuner. Oslo: Kommunal- og regionaldepartementet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, O. H., & Hjelmar, U. (2014). Marketization of welfare services in Scandinavia: A review of Swedish and Danish experiences. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration, 17(4), 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prop. 95 S (2013–2014). Kommuneproposisjonen 2015. Meldingsdel. Oslo: Kommunal- og moderniseringsdepartementet.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichborn-Kjennerud, K. (2013). Does performance auditing matter? The government administration’s response to the performance auditing of the Norwegian Office of the Auditor General. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Bergen, Bergen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scebehely, M., & Meagher, G. (2013). Four Nordic countries – four responses to the international trend of Marketisation. In G. Meagher & M. Scebehely (Eds.), Marketisation in Nordic eldercare: A research report on legislation, oversight, extent and consequences (Stockholm Studies in Social Work 30). Stockholm: Stockholm University, Elder Care.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellers, J. M., & Lidström, A. (2007). Decentralization, local government, and the welfare state. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 20(4), 609–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spruyt, H. (1996). The sovereign state and its competitors: An analysis of systems change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vabo, S. I. (2012). Tiltakende styring av kommunesektoren – ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ eldreomrÃ¥det? In M. Reitan, J. Saglie, & E. Smith (Eds.), FlernivÃ¥demokrati i Norge. Oslo: Abstrakt forlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vabo, S. I., & E. Øverbye. (2009). Decentralisation and privatisation in the Norwegian welfare state since 1980 (HIO-report 2009 no 3). Oslo: Oslo University College, Faculty of Social Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kristin Reichborn-Kjennerud .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reichborn-Kjennerud, K., Vabo, S.I. (2017). Extensive Decentralisation - but in the Shadow of Hierarchy. In: Ruano, J., Profiroiu, M. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Decentralisation in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32437-1_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics