Abstract
This study presents the initial results of a quest to document the values and practices of journalism produced by Native Hawaiians. The objective is to disrupt and improve journalism by integrating Hawaiian perspectives and practices while supporting the revitalization of Hawaiian language and culture. The knowledge gleaned from Hawaiian journalists helped launch the creation of a Resource and Style Guide for Hawaiʻi. Much can be learned from Hawaiian values and cultural practices on how to include Indigenous perspectives, if we apply a broader interpretation of Western ethical journalism guidelines. Western media will also need to invest in training and education for all journalists and hire more Indigenous people.
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Notes
- 1.
Vo, “Building a Diverse,” February 8, 2019.
- 2.
Guzmán, “How Journalists of Color,” September 6, 2019.
- 3.
Kanahele, The Hawaiian Renaissance, 1979.
- 4.
Ward, Radical Media Ethics, 2014.
- 5.
Garyantes, “At the Community Level,” 49.
- 6.
Aboriginal Peoples Television Network, First Contact.
- 7.
Henry and Wikaire, The Brown Book.
- 8.
Media Protocol Handbook was still in production at the time this was written.
- 9.
ʻAha Pūnana Leo.
- 10.
Alia, New Media Nation, provides many examples of Native empowerment through media.
- 11.
Hanusch, “Charting A Theoretical Framework,” 82; and reviews literature on these in Dimensions.
- 12.
Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences, 209.
- 13.
Ibid. 239.
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
Native American Journalists Association, https://najanewsroom.com/reporting-guides/. Also see Hanusch 2013, Cultural Forces, 194; Alia, 2009, The New Media Nation, 7–14; World Indigenous Television Broadcasters Network, http://witbn.org/
- 16.
NAJA, NPR airs inaccurate story.
- 17.
Grixti, “Indigenous Media Values,” 345.
- 18.
Lee, World Indigenous Television Broadcasters Network.
- 19.
Anthony, World Indigenous Television Broadcasters Network.
- 20.
Alia, The New Media Nation, 12. Refers to George Manuel & Michael Posluns, the Fourth World: An Indian Reality, 1974 (reprinted in 2018, University of Minnesota Press).
- 21.
Native American Journalists Association Reporting and Indigenous Terminology.
- 22.
Hofstede, Cultureʻs Consequences.
- 23.
These definitions provided by Sterling Wong, public policy manger of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, are traced to the federal Hawaiian Homes Commission Act of 1920 (HHCA), the state Admission Act of 1959 and the 1978 Con Con amendment creating the Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA). The Admission Act continues to use the “small n” definition when it establishes “the betterment of the conditions of native Hawaiians, as defined in the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act, 1920, as amended,” as one of the five purposes of the Public Land Trust.
- 24.
Office of Hawaiian Affairs. “Fulfilling the State’s Public Land.”
- 25.
Chapin, Shaping History, 93.
- 26.
Nogelmeier, Mai Paʻa I Ka Leo: Historical Voice, XII.
- 27.
Ibid.
- 28.
Ibid, 2.
- 29.
In 2019, two to three percent have been translated. Nogelmeier correspondence, February 10, 2019.
- 30.
Nogelmeier, Mai Paʻa I Ka Leo: Historical Voice. XIV.
- 31.
Ibid, XVI.
- 32.
Silva, Aloha Betrayed, 106.
- 33.
Beamer, Na Mākou Ka Mana: Liberating the Nation, 193.
- 34.
Nogelmeier, Mai Pa’a I Ka Leo, 35.
- 35.
Chapin, Shaping History, 237.
- 36.
Ibid, 340–343.
- 37.
Ibid, p. 340.
- 38.
Keany, “Learn More,” Honolulu Magazine, 2015.
- 39.
Smith, Māori Television.
- 40.
ʻŌlelo TV, January 2019.
- 41.
Pember, Indian Country. CJR, May 23, 2018.
- 42.
Ibid.
- 43.
Nogelmeier, Mai Pa’a I Ka Leo, 3.
- 44.
University of Hawaiʻi: Hawaiian Language Online. February 15, 2019. https://www.hawaii.edu/site/info/diacritics.php
- 45.
Pukui, Elbert, Mookini, Place Names.
- 46.
Email correspondence from Leslie Wilcox, February 15, 2019.
- 47.
ʻŌiwi TV website.
- 48.
Ibid.
- 49.
Anthony interview.
- 50.
“Hawaii residents,” Hawaii News Now.
- 51.
najastrategy, “NAJA calls Huffington Post Reporting.”
- 52.
Ibid.
- 53.
Society of Professional JournalistsCode of Ethics.
- 54.
Lund, “Arrest of an imu organizer.”
- 55.
Mattison, Native Hawaiians have mixed reactions.”
- 56.
Hiraishi, “Who Speaks for Native Hawaiians?”
- 57.
Ward, “Multidimensional Objectivity.”
- 58.
New Zealand Media Council, “Statement.”
- 59.
Lincoln interview.
- 60.
Hiraishi interview, November 19, 2018.
- 61.
Ibid.
- 62.
Nā Puke Wehewehe ‘Ōlelo Hawaiʻi.
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Acknowledgement
The authors wish to acknowledge the aloha and kokua from all who participated in the study, in particular Nāʻālehu Anthony, Leanne Ferrer, Kevin Kawamoto, Crystal Kua, Kuʻuwehi Hiraishi, Mileka Lincoln and Puakea Nogelmeier.
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Auman, A.E., Reelitz, K. (2021). Reporting with Aloha: How Hawaiian Values and Practices Can Improve Journalism. In: Ward, S.J.A. (eds) Handbook of Global Media Ethics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32103-5_69
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