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Comorbidities Often Associated with Brain Damage in Hypertension: Salt and Alcohol Intake and Smoking Habits

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Hypertension and Brain Damage

Part of the book series: Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection ((UHCP))

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Abstract

Recent scientific statements and international guidelines have concluded that several aspects of diet and various elements of poor lifestyle lead to elevated blood pressure and increased global risk including stroke. Of the well-documented and modifiable risk factors, this chapter will focus on smoking, whose prevalence remains very high, salt intake – one of the most important dietary measures – and alcohol consumption, which is less well documented but particularly intriguing and provocative. In the recently published INTERSTROKE study, these were shown to be significant risk factors for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Global lifestyle modifications were shown to be more beneficial than the treatment of single risk factors. Multifactorial interventions within the framework of primary and secondary prevention are required, and lifestyle changes should be part of a holistic approach aiming to reduce total cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal risk. Ultimately, patient adherence to dietary and lifestyle advice and modification is crucial. Major efforts by physicians, nurses, the medical and scientific community in general and governments are needed to reduce risk and improve the health of the population. Hic Rhodus, hic salta.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, Dialysis and Transplantation, School of Medicine, Zagreb University Hospital Centre, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

    Ana Vrdoljak & Bojan Jelaković MD, PhD

  2. Department of Cardiology, Intermedica Clinic of Internal Disease, Hypertension Center, Nis, Serbia

    Dragan Lović

  3. VAMC, Washington, DC, USA

    Dragan Lović

Authors
  1. Ana Vrdoljak
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  2. Bojan Jelaković MD, PhD
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  3. Dragan Lović
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bojan Jelaković MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hypertension & Vascular Risk Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain

    Antonio Coca

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Vrdoljak, A., Jelaković, B., Lović, D. (2016). Comorbidities Often Associated with Brain Damage in Hypertension: Salt and Alcohol Intake and Smoking Habits. In: Coca, A. (eds) Hypertension and Brain Damage. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32074-8_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32074-8_3

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

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  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-32074-8

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