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Mesoporous Materials for Fuel Cells

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Book cover Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy

Part of the book series: NanoScience and Technology ((NANO))

Abstract

Fuel cell is the most efficient and environmentally friendly energy conversion technology to directly convert the chemical energy of fuels such as hydrogen, methane, methanol, ethanol and hydrocarbons into electricity with high efficiency and very low greenhouse gas emission. In fuel cells, porosity is a singular attribute, which controls not only the transport of fuel/oxidant to reactive sites but also the length or area of the three phase boundary or electrode/electrolyte interface where the electrochemical reaction occurs. Mesoporous materials with well-defined and highly ordered pore arrays in the range of 2–50 nm in diameter have attracted increasing attention as effective electrode and electrolyte materials for fuel cells in particular the low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) due to their unique water retention properties of ordered mesopores. This chapter starts with a brief review of the application of mesoporous materials in high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), followed by a detailed description and discussion of the advances in the synthesis and application of the mesoporous structured materials in PEMFCs, including mesoporous polymer membranes, such as mesoporous sulfonated block copolymers and meso-Nafion membrane, mesoporous inorganic/polymer composite membranes, and mesoporous inorganic materials such as mesoporous silica. The development of mesoporous carbon and metal oxide as electrocatalysts and catalyst supports in PEMFCs is also reviewed. The fundamental relationship between space symmetry, pore size, porosity, ordering level of the mesoporous materials and their electrochemical and fuel cell performance has been discussed.

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Abbreviations

APTES:

3-thiopropyltrimethoxysilane

AST:

Accelerated stress test

ATMP:

Amino tris(methylene phosphonic acid)

BCPs:

Block copolymers

BMIm-BF4:

1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate

BMIm-TFSI:

1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone) imide

BTCA:

Benzotriazole-5-carboxylic acid

CIM:

Conventional impregnation method

CMETCS:

2-(carbomethoxy)ethyltrichloro silane

CSPTMS:

2-(4-chlorosulfonylphenyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane

DEPTES:

Diethylphosphatoethyltriethoxy silane

DFT:

Density functional theory

EIm-TfO:

N-Ethylimidazolium Trifluoromethanesulfonate

EISA:

Evaporation-induced self-assembly

FSAS:

1,2,2-Trifluoro-2-hydroxy-1-trifluoromethyl-ethanesulfonic acid sultone

HEX:

Hexagonally packed cylinders

HMS:

Hollow mesoporous silica

HPL:

Hexagonally perforated lamellae

HPAs:

Heteropolyacids

HPW:

Phosphotungstic acid

ICE:

Internal combustion engine

IEC:

Ion exchange capacity

IPN:

Interpenetrating polymer network

KU:

Keggin unit

LAM:

Lamellae

MEA:

Membrane-electrode-assembly

MPTMS:

Mercaptopropyltrimethoxy silane

MSA:

Methane sulphuric acid

OSPN:

Organosiloxane network

PA:

Phosphoric acid

PAC:

Proton acceptance capacity

PBI:

Polybenzenemidazole

PEM:

Proton exchange membrane

PEMFC:

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell

PESf:

Polyethersulfone

PETMS:

Phenethytrimethoxy silane

PFS:

Poly(4-fluorostyrene)

PFSA:

Perfluorosulfonic acid

PILs:

Protic ion liquids

PMMA:

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

PMO:

Periodic mesoporous organic silica

PS-b-sPHS:

Poly(styrene-block-sulfonated hydrostyrene

PSS-PMB:

Poly(styrenesulfonate-methylbutylene)

PTES:

Phenyltriethoxysilane

RH:

Relative humidity

SAN:

Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)

SAXS:

Small angle x-ray scattering

SDAs:

Structural directing agents

SPEEK:

Sulfonated poly(ether ether keton)

sPHS:

Sulfonated polyhydroxystyrene

SMBS:

Sulfonated cube mesoporous benzene-silica

SPI:

Sulfonated polyimide

sPPO:

Sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)

SPPSU:

Sulfonated poly(phenylsulfone)

sPS-PMMA:

Sulfonated polystyrene-poly(methyl methacrylate)

sSEBS:

Sulfonated polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene

TEOS:

Tetraethyl orthosilicate

TPS:

3-(trihydroxysilyl)-1-propanesulfonic acid

VIM:

Impregnation method

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Acknowledgement

This work is supported by the Australian Research Council under the Discovery Project Scheme (Project Number: DP150102025).

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  1. Fuels and Energy Technology Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA6102, Australia

    Jin Zhang & San Ping Jiang

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  1. Jin Zhang
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Correspondence to San Ping Jiang .

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  1. Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Prog, Kent State Univ, Liquid Crystal Inst, Kent, Ohio, USA

    Quan Li

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Zhang, J., Jiang, S.P. (2016). Mesoporous Materials for Fuel Cells. In: Li, Q. (eds) Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy. NanoScience and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32023-6_10

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