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Evaluation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge as a Coastal Nutrient Source and Its Role in Coastal Groundwater Quality and Quantity

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Emerging Issues in Groundwater Resources

Part of the book series: Advances in Water Security ((AWS))

Abstract

Globally, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is responsible for 3–4 times the water discharge delivered to the oceans by rivers. Moreover, nutrient concentrations in SGD are usually elevated in comparison to river fluxes. Here we review the major advances in the field of SGD studies and related nutrient fluxes to the coastal ocean. To demonstrate the significance of SGD as terrestrial nutrient pathway we compare stream and submarine groundwater discharge rates in a watershed on the windward side of Oahu, one of the major islands of the Hawaii archipelago. Our analysis of Kaneohe Bay, which hosts the largest coral reefs on the island revealed that SGD in the form of total (fresh+brackish) groundwater discharge was 2–4 times larger than surface inputs. Corresponding DIN and silicate fluxes were also dominated by SGD, while DIP was delivered mostly via streams. We quantified bulk nutrient uptake in coastal waters and also demonstrated that nutrients were quickly removed from the bay due to fast coastal flushing rates. This study demonstrates the need to understand SGD-derived nutrient fluxes in order to evaluate land-based coastal nutrient and pollution sources.

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Abbreviations

A Rn_cw :

Coastal water radon activity

A Rn_gw :

Groundwater radon activity

CT :

Terrestrial nutrient concentration

CB:

Central Kaneohe Bay

CI:

Coconut Island

DIN:

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen

DIP:

Dissolved inorganic phosphorus

DON:

Dissolved organic nitrogen

DOP:

Dissolved organic phosphorus

dpm:

Decays per minute

GPS:

Global positioning system

gw:

Groundwater

HFP:

Heeia Fishpond

I:

Effective terrestrial end-member nutrient concentration

Kh :

Horizontal eddy diffusion coefficient

L :

Length

n:

Number

NB:

Northwest Kaneohe Bay

QT :

Terrestrial water flux

Q SGD :

Submarine groundwater discharge flux

R:

Nutrient removal rate

Ra:

Radium

Rai :

Nearshore water radium activity

Rao :

Offshore water radium activity

Rn:

Radon

SGD:

Submarine groundwater discharge

STE:

Subterranean estuary

sw:

Surface water

t:

Time, residence time, flushing rate

T1/2 :

Radionuclide half-life

T1:

Transect 1

T2:

Transect 2

T3:

Transect 3

TDN:

Total dissolved nitrogen

TDP:

Total dissolved phosphorus

Th:

Thorium

U:

Uranium

V:

Volume

λ:

Radionuclide decay constant

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the help of the following individuals from the University of Hawaii: James Bishop, Kim Falinski, Christine Waters, Sam Wall. We are grateful to Kako’o’iwi and Paepae o He‛eia who provided access to the study sites, logistical support, and field assistance. This paper was funded in part by a grant from the NOAA, Project R/IR-19, which is sponsored by the University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, SOEST, under Institutional Grant No. NA09OAR4170060, NA14OAR4170071 from NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Department of Commerce. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its subagencies. UNIHI-SEAGRANT-BC-12-03.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Henrietta Dulai, Alana Kleven & Kathleen Ruttenberg

  2. Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Kathleen Ruttenberg & Rebecca Briggs

  3. Hawaii Institute of Marne Biology, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

    Florence Thomas

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  1. Henrietta Dulai
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  2. Alana Kleven
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Correspondence to Henrietta Dulai .

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  1. Prairie View A&M University, College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View, Texas, USA

    Ali Fares

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Dulai, H., Kleven, A., Ruttenberg, K., Briggs, R., Thomas, F. (2016). Evaluation of Submarine Groundwater Discharge as a Coastal Nutrient Source and Its Role in Coastal Groundwater Quality and Quantity. In: Fares, A. (eds) Emerging Issues in Groundwater Resources. Advances in Water Security. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32008-3_8

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