Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Architecture and Safety for Autonomous Heavy Vehicles: ARCHER

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Automated Driving

  • 8625 Accesses

Abstract

Machines are converging towards autonomy. The transition is driven by safety, efficiency, environmental and traditional ‘robotics automation concerns’ (dirty, dull and dangerous applications). Similar trends are seen in several domains including heavy vehicles, cars and aircraft. This transition is, however, facing multiple challenges including how to gradually evolve from current architectures to autonomous systems, limitations in legislation and safety standards, test and verification methodology and human–machine interaction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The KTH and industry Integrated Transport Research Lab: https://www.itrl.kth.se/

References

  1. CyPhERS deliverable D3.2. Market and Innovation Potential of CPS. Technical Report by the CyPhERS FP7 project, Aug 2014, http://www.cyphers.eu/sites/default/files/D3.2.pdf

  2. ISO 26262:2011 Road vehicles—Functional safety (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  3. S. Behere et al., Architecture Challenges for Intelligent Autonomous Machines: An Industrial Perspective, in Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Intelligent Autonomous Systems (IAS-13), Padova, Italy, 2014

    Google Scholar 

  4. C.A. Ericson, Fault Tree Analysis–A History, in Proceedings of 17th International System Safety Conference, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  5. T. Tobioka, R.C. Bertucio, Use of event tree analysis in development of a LOCA test program. Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 39, 590–591 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  6. R. McDermott et al., The Basics of FMEA, 2nd edn. (Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 1996)

    Google Scholar 

  7. H. Aljazzar et al., Safety Analysis of an Airbag System Using Probabilistic FMEA and Probabilistic Counterexamples, in 6th International Conference on the Quantitative Evaluation of Systems, Hungary, 2009

    Google Scholar 

  8. J. McDermid et al., Experience with the Application of HAZOP to Computer-Based Systems, in Proceedings of 10th Annual Conference on System Integrity, Software Safety and Process Security, COMPASS, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  9. D.D. Woods, Decomposing automation: Apparent simplicity, real complexity, in Automation and Human Performance: Theory and Applications, ed. by R. Parasuraman, M. Mouloua (Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, 1996), pp. 3–17

    Google Scholar 

  10. B.N. Sarter, D.D. Woods, Pilot interaction with cockpit automation: Operational experiences with the flight management system. Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. 2(4), 303–321 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. R.D. Sorkin, Why are people turning off our alarms? J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84(3), 1107–1108 (1988). doi:10.1121/1.397232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. R. Parasuraman, V. Riley, Humans and automation: Use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Hum. Factors: J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 39(2), 230–253 (1997). doi:10.1518/001872097778543886. http://hfs.sagepub.com/content/39/2/230.abstract

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. D.A. Norman, The problem of automation: Inappropriate feedback and interaction, not over-automation, in Human Factors in Hazardous Situations, ed. by D.E. Broadbent, J. Reason, A. Baddeley (New York, Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 585–593

    Google Scholar 

  14. N.G. Leveson, Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2012)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  15. T. Ishimatsu et al., Modeling and Hazard Analysis Using STPA, in Proceedings of the 4th IAASS Conference Making Safety Matter, p. 10, 2010

    Google Scholar 

  16. H. Nakao, M. Katahira, Y. Miyamoto, N. Leveson, Safety Guided Design of Crew Return Vehicle in Concept Design Phase Using STAMP/STPA, in Proceedings of the 5th IAASS Conference, pp. 497–501, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  17. S.J. Pereira, G. Lee, J. Howard, A System-Theoretic Hazard Analysis Methodology for a Non-advocate Safety Assessment of the Ballistic Missile Defense System, in Proceedings of the AIAA Missile Sciences Conference, Monterey, California, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  18. J. Thomas, N.G. Leveson, Performing Hazard Analysis on Complex, Software- and Human-Intensive Systems, in Proceedings of the 29th ISSC Conference About System Safety, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  19. S. Sulman et al., Hazard Analysis of Collision Avoidance System Using STPA, in Proceedings of the 11th International ISCRAM Conference, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA, May 2014

    Google Scholar 

  20. E. Baudin, J. Blanquart, J. Guiochet, D. Powell, Independent Safety Systems for Autonomy: State of the Art and Future Directions, Technical Report LAAS-CNRS No. 07710

    Google Scholar 

  21. C.B. Watkins, R. Walter, Transitioning from Federated Avionics Architectures to Integrated Modular Avionics, in 2007 IEEE/AIAA 26th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, IEEE, Oct 2007

    Google Scholar 

  22. M. Di Natale, A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, Moving from federated to integrated architectures in automotive: The role of standards, methods and tools. IEEE Proc. 98(4), 603–620 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, G. Martin, Platform-based design and software design methodology for embedded systems. IEEE Des. Test Comput. 18(6), 23–33 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A. Ferrari, System Design—Traditional Concepts and New Paradigms, in Proceedings of ICCD, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  25. A. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli et al., Alberto Benefits and Challenges for Platform-Based Design, in Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference on Design Automation—DAC ’04, pp. 409–414, 2004

    Google Scholar 

  26. S. Behere, Architecting Autonomous Automotive Systems: With an Emphasis on Cooperative Driving, Licentiate Thesis, KTH, Stockholm, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  27. S. Behere, M. Törngren, D. Chen, A reference architecture for cooperative driving. J. Syst. Archit. 59(10), 1095–1112 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.sysarc.2013.05.014. Part C

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. S. Shladover, An Automated Highway System as the Platform for Defining Fault-Tolerant Automotive Architectures and Design Methods. NSF CPS Workshop Position Paper, 2011

    Google Scholar 

  29. M. Törngren et al., Model based development of automotive embedded systems, in Automotive Embedded Systems Handbook, ed. by N. Navet, F. Simonot-Lion. Industrial Information Technology Series (Taylor and Francis CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2008). ISBN 9780849380266

    Google Scholar 

  30. A. Benveniste et al., Embedded Systems Design, The ARTIST Roadmap for Research and Development. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3436 (Springer, Berlin, 2005). doi:10.1007/b106761. ISBN 978-3-540-31973-3

    Book  Google Scholar 

  31. MBAT ARTEMIS project, http://www.mbat-artemis.eu/home/

  32. P. Derler, E.A. Lee, M. Torngren, S. Tripakis, Cyber-Physical System Design Contracts, in ICCPS ’13: ACM/IEEE 4th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems, 10 Apr 2013

    Google Scholar 

  33. J. Westman et al., Structuring Safety Requirements Using Contract Theory, in SAFECOMP—32nd International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security, France, 2013

    Google Scholar 

  34. ESPRESSO FFI project, http://www.vinnova.se/sv/Resultat/Projekt/Effekta/ESPRESSO/

  35. iFEST ARTEMIS project, www.artemis-ifest.eu/

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Scania CV AB, Södertälje, Sweden

    Viktor Kaznov, Johan Svahn & Per Roos

  2. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

    Fredrik Asplund, Sagar Behere & Martin Törngren

Authors
  1. Viktor Kaznov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Johan Svahn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Per Roos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Fredrik Asplund
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sagar Behere
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Martin Törngren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Viktor Kaznov .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, Virtual Vehicle Research Center and Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria

    Daniel Watzenig

  2. Institute of Automation and Control, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria

    Martin Horn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kaznov, V., Svahn, J., Roos, P., Asplund, F., Behere, S., Törngren, M. (2017). Architecture and Safety for Autonomous Heavy Vehicles: ARCHER. In: Watzenig, D., Horn, M. (eds) Automated Driving. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31895-0_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31895-0_27

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31893-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31895-0

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation