Skip to main content
  • 791 Accesses

Abstract

There are three major interfaces between work and family life and these can be described as work-family conflict, work-family balance and work-family enrichment. In contrast to the first term, the latter two terms indicate positive interactions between these domains. Work-family conflict refers to conflicting situations between the domains, whereas the work-family balance and work-family enrichment refer to mutuality between the two. This chapter explores the nature of these three interfaces between work and family, focusing on a small sample of male and female mid-level executives in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It also aims to see how these interfaces correlate with work performance. The data were collected via a survey using a structured questionnaire. The results showed that work-family enrichment was the most experienced phenomenon followed by work-family conflict and work-family balance. Gender difference was found only for work-family conflict. It also found that work-family conflict and work-family enrichment have a profound impact on work performance. The gender comparison reflects the stronger impact of the work-family interfaces on the work performance of female executives than male executives.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akter, N., & Rashid, N. (2006). Stress of married women executives of private business concern in Bangladesh. Journal of Business, South East University, 1(2), 39–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alam, M. S., Biswas, K., & Hassan, K. (2009). A test of association between working hour and work-family conflict: A glimpse on Dhaka’s female white collar professionals. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(5), 27–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alam, M. S., Satter, A., Chaudhury, S. I., & Nusrat, A. (2011). Work family conflict of women managers in Dhaka. Asian Social Science, 7(7), 108–114. doi:10.5539/ass.v7n7p108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aycan, Z. (2008). Cross-cultural approaches to work-family conflict. In K. Korabik, D. S. Lero, & D. L. Whitehead (Eds.), Handbook of work-family integration: Research, theory and best practices. Boston: Academic Press/Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balmforth, K., & Gardner, D. (2006). Conflict and facilitation between work and family: Realizing the outcomes for organizations. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 69–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baral, R. (2014). Work-family enrichment: Benefits of combining work and family. Paycheck.in. Retrieved from http://www.paycheck.in/main/career-tips/women-paycheck/articles/work-family-enrichment-benefits-of-combining-work-and-family. Accessed 20 Aug 2014.

  • Barling, J., MacEwen, K. E., Kelloway, E. K., & Higginbottom, S. F. (1994). Predictors and outcomes of elder-care-based interrole conflict. Psychology and Aging, 9(3), 391–397. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.9.3.391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, R. C. (1998). Toward a review and reconceptualisation of the work/family literature. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 124(2), 125–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory. American Psychologist, 56, 781–796.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, R. C., Marshall, N. L., & Sayer, A. (1992). Positive spillover effects from job to home: A closer look. Women & Health, 19(2/3), 13–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baruch, G. K., & Barnett, R. C. (1987). Role quality, multiple role involvement, and psychological well-being in midlife women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 578–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beutell, N. J., & Greenhaus, J. H. (1982). Inter role conflict among married women: The influence of husband and wife characteristics on conflict and coping behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 21, 99–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, S. M., Robinson, J. P., & Milkie, M. A. (2006). Changing rhythms of American family life. New York: Russell Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, R. J., Weir, T., & Duwors, R. E. (1980). Work demands on administrators and spouses well being. Human Relations, 33, 253–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., Wayne, J. H., & Grzywacz, J. G. (2006). Measuring the positive side of the work-family interface: Development and validation of a work-family enrichment scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(1), 131–164. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2005.02.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, M. K., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and validation of a multidimensional measure of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 249–276. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick, B. S., Albrecht, S. L., & Kunz, P. R. (1976). Marital and family role satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 431–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury, R. H. (1976). Married women in urban occupations of Bangladesh: Some problems and issues (Research report series, no.22). Dacca, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhury, S. F. (2008). Balancing career & family: Challenge for working women. In R. S. Datta & R. S. Mukherjee (Eds.), Women in changing world: Experiences and challenges (pp. 125–150). Kolkata, India: Levent Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53, 747–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, C. L., & Williams, S. (1994). Creating healthy work organizations. Chichester, UK: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, F. J. (1991). Juggling: The unexpected advantages of balancing career and home for women and their families. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crouter, A. C. (1984). Spillover from family to work: The neglected side of the work-family interface. Human Relations, 37(6), 425–441. doi:10.1177/001872678403700601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, B. (2001). Sales ruined my personal life. Sales & Marketing Management, 153(11), 44–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duxbury, L., Higgins, C., Lee, C., & Mills, S. (1991). Balancing work and family: A study of the Canadian public sector, Prepared for The Department of Health and Welfare Canada (NHRDP), Ottawa, Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. The Academy of Management Review, 25, 178–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eiswirth-Neems, N. A., & Handal, P. J. (1978). Spouse’s attitudes to- ward maternal occupational status and effects on family climate. Journal of Community Psychology, 6, 168–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eiswirth-Neems, N. A., & Handal, P. J. (1978). Spouse’s attitudes to- ward maternal occupational status and effects on family climate. Journal of Community Psychology, 6, 168–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, M. T., Heinen, B. A., & Langkamer, K. L. (2007). Work and family satisfaction and conflict: A meta-analysis of cross-domain relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 57–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frone, M. R. (2003). Work-family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 142–163). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work–family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1997). Relation of work and family conflict to health outcomes: A four-year longitudinal study of employed parents. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 70, 325–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galinsky, E., Bond, J. T., & Friedman, D. E. (1996). The role of employers in addressing the needs of employed parents. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 111–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goode, W. J. (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25, 483–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72–92. doi:10.2307/20159186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutek, B. A., & Searle, S. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hakanen, J. J., & Schaufeli, B. W. (2012). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141(2–3), 415–424. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hepburn, C. G., & Barling, J. (1996). Eldercare responsibilities, inter role conflict, and employee absence: A daily study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 311–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, E. J., Hawkins, A. J., Ferris, M., & Weitzman, M. (2001). Finding an extra day a week: The positive influence of perceived job flexibility on work and family life balance. Family Relations, 50(1), 49. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2001.00049.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huda, S. S. M. (2010). Free time management and working women. Berlin: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing AG & Co KG.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huda, S. S. M., Zubayer, M., & Akhtar, A. (2005). Work-family conflict: A study of employees in Dhaka city. Journal of Business, South East University, 1(2), 155–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A. P., & Butler, M. C. (1980). A role transition approach to the stresses of organizationally-induced family disruption. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 367–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, E. L., Kossek, E. E., Hammer, L. B., Durham, M., Bray, J., Chermack, K., et al. (2008). Getting there from here: Research on the effects of work-family initiatives on work-family conflict and business outcomes. Academy of Management Annals, 2, 305–349. doi:10.1080/19416520802211610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchmeyer, C. (1992). Perceptions of non-work-to-work spillover: Challenging the common view of conflict-ridden domain relationship. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 13(2), 231–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kofodimos, J. (1993). Balancing act. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopelman, R. E., Greenhaus, J. H., & Connolly, T. F. (1983). A model of work, family, and interrole conflict: A construct validation study. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32, 198–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kossek, E. E., & Ozekie, C. (1998). Work-family conflict policies and the job-life satisfaction relationship, a review and direction for organization behavior human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 139–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kossek, E. Y., & Nichol, V. (1992). The effects of on-site child care on employee attitudes and performance. Personnel Psychology, 45, 485–509. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1992.tb00857.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(6), 695–706. doi:10.1002/job.165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyness, K. S., & Kropf, M. B. (2005). Work-family balance: A study of European managers. Human Relations, 58(1), 33–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Majumder, P. P. (1982). Women, work and home (Research report 49). Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies: Human Resource Division.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik, M. I., Saif, M. I., Gomez, S. F., Khan, N., & Hussain, S. (2010). Balancing work and family through social support among working women in Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 4(13), 2864–2870.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, S. R., Huston, T. L., Johnson, E. M., & MacDermid, S. M. (2001). Role balance among White married couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 1083–1098. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.01083.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, S. R., & MacDermid, S. M. (1996). Multiple roles and the self: A theory of role balance. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 417–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McElwain, A. K., Korabik, K., & Rosin, H. M. (2005). An examination of gender differences in work-family conflict. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 37(4), 283–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mead, G. H. (1964). Selected writings. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milkie, M. A., & Peltola, P. (1999). Playing all the roles: Gender and the work-family balancing act. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 476–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Planning. Gender Statistics Bangladesh. (2009). Bangladesh Bureau of statistics. Retrieved from www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/…/statisticsbook.pdf

  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Kossek, E., & Sweet, S. (2006). Multi-disciplinary perspectives, methods, and approaches in the study of work and family. In M. Pitt-Catsouphes, E. E. Kossek, & S. Sweet (Eds.), The handbook of work-family: Multi-disciplinary perspectives, methods, and approaches (pp. 1–17). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleck, J. H., Staines, G. L., & Lang, L. (1980). Conflicts between work and family life. Monthly Labour Review, 103(3), 29–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothbard, N. P. (2001). Enriching or deleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 655–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, P. A., Post, C., Brockner, J., Fishman, A., & Garden, C. (2005). The moderating influence of procedural fairness on the relationship between work-life conflict and organizational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 13–24. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spector, P. E., Cooper, C. L., Poelmans, S., Allen, T. D., O’Driscoll, M., Sanchez, J. I., et al. (2004). A cross-national comparative study of work-family stressors, working hours, and well-being: china and Latin America versus the Anglo world. Personnel Psychology, 57(1), 119–142. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2004.tb02486.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, L. T., & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 6–15. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, C. A., Beauvais, L., & Lyness, K. S. (1999). When work-family benefits are not enough: The influence of work-family culture on benefit utilization, organizational attachment, and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 392–415. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1998.1681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, C. A., & Prottas, D. J. (2006). Relationships among organizational family support, job autonomy, perceived control, and employee well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 100–118. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.4.100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voydanoff, P. (1988). Work role characteristics, family structure demands, and work/family conflict. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 749–761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voydanoff, P. (2004). The effects of work demands and resources on work-to-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(2), 398–412. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2004.00028.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, M., & Hausdorf, A. P. (2009). The positive interaction of work and family roles: Using need theory to further understand the work-family interface. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(4), 372–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wickham, M. D., & Parker, M. (2007). Reconceptualising organisational role theory for contemporary organizational contexts. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(5), 440–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witt, L. A., & Carlson, D. S. (2006). The work-family interface and job performance: Moderating effects of conscientiousness and perceived organizational support. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(4), 343–357. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.11.4.343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 699–727. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.128.5.699.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, N. (2005). Individualism-collectivism and work-family interfaces: A Sino-U.S. comparison. In S. A. Y. Poelmans (Ed.), Work and family: An international research perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, N., Chen, C. C., Choi, J., & Zou, Y. (2000). Sources of work-family conflict: A Sino-U.S. comparison of the effects of work and family demands. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 113–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yavas, U. E., & Karatepe, O. M. (2008). Attitudinal and behavioral consequences of work‐family conflict and family‐work conflict: Does gender matter? International Journal of Service Industry Management, 19(1), 7–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Syed S. M. Sadrul Huda .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Huda, S.S.M.S. (2016). Work-Family Interface: Studying Dhaka City Executives. In: Gervais, R., Millear, P. (eds) Exploring Resources, Life-Balance and Well-Being of Women Who Work in a Global Context. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31736-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31736-6_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31734-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31736-6

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics