Abstract
There are three major interfaces between work and family life and these can be described as work-family conflict, work-family balance and work-family enrichment. In contrast to the first term, the latter two terms indicate positive interactions between these domains. Work-family conflict refers to conflicting situations between the domains, whereas the work-family balance and work-family enrichment refer to mutuality between the two. This chapter explores the nature of these three interfaces between work and family, focusing on a small sample of male and female mid-level executives in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It also aims to see how these interfaces correlate with work performance. The data were collected via a survey using a structured questionnaire. The results showed that work-family enrichment was the most experienced phenomenon followed by work-family conflict and work-family balance. Gender difference was found only for work-family conflict. It also found that work-family conflict and work-family enrichment have a profound impact on work performance. The gender comparison reflects the stronger impact of the work-family interfaces on the work performance of female executives than male executives.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akter, N., & Rashid, N. (2006). Stress of married women executives of private business concern in Bangladesh. Journal of Business, South East University, 1(2), 39–56.
Alam, M. S., Biswas, K., & Hassan, K. (2009). A test of association between working hour and work-family conflict: A glimpse on Dhaka’s female white collar professionals. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(5), 27–35.
Alam, M. S., Satter, A., Chaudhury, S. I., & Nusrat, A. (2011). Work family conflict of women managers in Dhaka. Asian Social Science, 7(7), 108–114. doi:10.5539/ass.v7n7p108.
Aycan, Z. (2008). Cross-cultural approaches to work-family conflict. In K. Korabik, D. S. Lero, & D. L. Whitehead (Eds.), Handbook of work-family integration: Research, theory and best practices. Boston: Academic Press/Elsevier.
Balmforth, K., & Gardner, D. (2006). Conflict and facilitation between work and family: Realizing the outcomes for organizations. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 69–76.
Baral, R. (2014). Work-family enrichment: Benefits of combining work and family. Paycheck.in. Retrieved from http://www.paycheck.in/main/career-tips/women-paycheck/articles/work-family-enrichment-benefits-of-combining-work-and-family. Accessed 20 Aug 2014.
Barling, J., MacEwen, K. E., Kelloway, E. K., & Higginbottom, S. F. (1994). Predictors and outcomes of elder-care-based interrole conflict. Psychology and Aging, 9(3), 391–397. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.9.3.391.
Barnett, R. C. (1998). Toward a review and reconceptualisation of the work/family literature. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 124(2), 125–184.
Barnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory. American Psychologist, 56, 781–796.
Barnett, R. C., Marshall, N. L., & Sayer, A. (1992). Positive spillover effects from job to home: A closer look. Women & Health, 19(2/3), 13–41.
Baruch, G. K., & Barnett, R. C. (1987). Role quality, multiple role involvement, and psychological well-being in midlife women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 578–585.
Beutell, N. J., & Greenhaus, J. H. (1982). Inter role conflict among married women: The influence of husband and wife characteristics on conflict and coping behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 21, 99–110.
Bianchi, S. M., Robinson, J. P., & Milkie, M. A. (2006). Changing rhythms of American family life. New York: Russell Sage.
Burke, R. J., Weir, T., & Duwors, R. E. (1980). Work demands on administrators and spouses well being. Human Relations, 33, 253–278.
Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., Wayne, J. H., & Grzywacz, J. G. (2006). Measuring the positive side of the work-family interface: Development and validation of a work-family enrichment scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(1), 131–164. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2005.02.002.
Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, M. K., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and validation of a multidimensional measure of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 249–276. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713.
Chadwick, B. S., Albrecht, S. L., & Kunz, P. R. (1976). Marital and family role satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 431–440.
Chowdhury, R. H. (1976). Married women in urban occupations of Bangladesh: Some problems and issues (Research report series, no.22). Dacca, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies.
Chowdhury, S. F. (2008). Balancing career & family: Challenge for working women. In R. S. Datta & R. S. Mukherjee (Eds.), Women in changing world: Experiences and challenges (pp. 125–150). Kolkata, India: Levent Books.
Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53, 747–770.
Cooper, C. L., & Williams, S. (1994). Creating healthy work organizations. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Crosby, F. J. (1991). Juggling: The unexpected advantages of balancing career and home for women and their families. New York: Free Press.
Crouter, A. C. (1984). Spillover from family to work: The neglected side of the work-family interface. Human Relations, 37(6), 425–441. doi:10.1177/001872678403700601.
Cummings, B. (2001). Sales ruined my personal life. Sales & Marketing Management, 153(11), 44–51.
Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.
Duxbury, L., Higgins, C., Lee, C., & Mills, S. (1991). Balancing work and family: A study of the Canadian public sector, Prepared for The Department of Health and Welfare Canada (NHRDP), Ottawa, Ontario.
Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. The Academy of Management Review, 25, 178–199.
Eiswirth-Neems, N. A., & Handal, P. J. (1978). Spouse’s attitudes to- ward maternal occupational status and effects on family climate. Journal of Community Psychology, 6, 168–172.
Eiswirth-Neems, N. A., & Handal, P. J. (1978). Spouse’s attitudes to- ward maternal occupational status and effects on family climate. Journal of Community Psychology, 6, 168–172.
Ford, M. T., Heinen, B. A., & Langkamer, K. L. (2007). Work and family satisfaction and conflict: A meta-analysis of cross-domain relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 57–80.
Frone, M. R. (2003). Work-family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 142–163). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work–family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65–78.
Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1997). Relation of work and family conflict to health outcomes: A four-year longitudinal study of employed parents. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 70, 325–335.
Galinsky, E., Bond, J. T., & Friedman, D. E. (1996). The role of employers in addressing the needs of employed parents. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 111–136.
Goode, W. J. (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25, 483–496.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76–88.
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510–531.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72–92. doi:10.2307/20159186.
Gutek, B. A., & Searle, S. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560–568.
Hakanen, J. J., & Schaufeli, B. W. (2012). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141(2–3), 415–424. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.043.
Hepburn, C. G., & Barling, J. (1996). Eldercare responsibilities, inter role conflict, and employee absence: A daily study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 311–318.
Hill, E. J., Hawkins, A. J., Ferris, M., & Weitzman, M. (2001). Finding an extra day a week: The positive influence of perceived job flexibility on work and family life balance. Family Relations, 50(1), 49. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2001.00049.x.
Huda, S. S. M. (2010). Free time management and working women. Berlin: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing AG & Co KG.
Huda, S. S. M., Zubayer, M., & Akhtar, A. (2005). Work-family conflict: A study of employees in Dhaka city. Journal of Business, South East University, 1(2), 155–163.
Jones, A. P., & Butler, M. C. (1980). A role transition approach to the stresses of organizationally-induced family disruption. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 367–376.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: Wiley.
Kelly, E. L., Kossek, E. E., Hammer, L. B., Durham, M., Bray, J., Chermack, K., et al. (2008). Getting there from here: Research on the effects of work-family initiatives on work-family conflict and business outcomes. Academy of Management Annals, 2, 305–349. doi:10.1080/19416520802211610.
Kirchmeyer, C. (1992). Perceptions of non-work-to-work spillover: Challenging the common view of conflict-ridden domain relationship. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 13(2), 231–249.
Kofodimos, J. (1993). Balancing act. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kopelman, R. E., Greenhaus, J. H., & Connolly, T. F. (1983). A model of work, family, and interrole conflict: A construct validation study. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32, 198–215.
Kossek, E. E., & Ozekie, C. (1998). Work-family conflict policies and the job-life satisfaction relationship, a review and direction for organization behavior human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 139–149.
Kossek, E. Y., & Nichol, V. (1992). The effects of on-site child care on employee attitudes and performance. Personnel Psychology, 45, 485–509. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1992.tb00857.x.
Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(6), 695–706. doi:10.1002/job.165.
Lyness, K. S., & Kropf, M. B. (2005). Work-family balance: A study of European managers. Human Relations, 58(1), 33–60.
Majumder, P. P. (1982). Women, work and home (Research report 49). Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies: Human Resource Division.
Malik, M. I., Saif, M. I., Gomez, S. F., Khan, N., & Hussain, S. (2010). Balancing work and family through social support among working women in Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 4(13), 2864–2870.
Marks, S. R., Huston, T. L., Johnson, E. M., & MacDermid, S. M. (2001). Role balance among White married couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 1083–1098. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.01083.x.
Marks, S. R., & MacDermid, S. M. (1996). Multiple roles and the self: A theory of role balance. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 417–432.
McElwain, A. K., Korabik, K., & Rosin, H. M. (2005). An examination of gender differences in work-family conflict. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 37(4), 283–298.
Mead, G. H. (1964). Selected writings. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
Milkie, M. A., & Peltola, P. (1999). Playing all the roles: Gender and the work-family balancing act. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 476–490.
Ministry of Planning. Gender Statistics Bangladesh. (2009). Bangladesh Bureau of statistics. Retrieved from www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/…/statisticsbook.pdf
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Kossek, E., & Sweet, S. (2006). Multi-disciplinary perspectives, methods, and approaches in the study of work and family. In M. Pitt-Catsouphes, E. E. Kossek, & S. Sweet (Eds.), The handbook of work-family: Multi-disciplinary perspectives, methods, and approaches (pp. 1–17). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Pleck, J. H., Staines, G. L., & Lang, L. (1980). Conflicts between work and family life. Monthly Labour Review, 103(3), 29–32.
Rothbard, N. P. (2001). Enriching or deleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 655–684.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.5.
Siegel, P. A., Post, C., Brockner, J., Fishman, A., & Garden, C. (2005). The moderating influence of procedural fairness on the relationship between work-life conflict and organizational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 13–24. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.13.
Spector, P. E., Cooper, C. L., Poelmans, S., Allen, T. D., O’Driscoll, M., Sanchez, J. I., et al. (2004). A cross-national comparative study of work-family stressors, working hours, and well-being: china and Latin America versus the Anglo world. Personnel Psychology, 57(1), 119–142. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2004.tb02486.x.
Thomas, L. T., & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 6–15. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.6.
Thompson, C. A., Beauvais, L., & Lyness, K. S. (1999). When work-family benefits are not enough: The influence of work-family culture on benefit utilization, organizational attachment, and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 392–415. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1998.1681.
Thompson, C. A., & Prottas, D. J. (2006). Relationships among organizational family support, job autonomy, perceived control, and employee well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 100–118. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.4.100.
Voydanoff, P. (1988). Work role characteristics, family structure demands, and work/family conflict. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 749–761.
Voydanoff, P. (2004). The effects of work demands and resources on work-to-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(2), 398–412. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2004.00028.x.
Warner, M., & Hausdorf, A. P. (2009). The positive interaction of work and family roles: Using need theory to further understand the work-family interface. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(4), 372–385.
Wickham, M. D., & Parker, M. (2007). Reconceptualising organisational role theory for contemporary organizational contexts. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(5), 440–464.
Witt, L. A., & Carlson, D. S. (2006). The work-family interface and job performance: Moderating effects of conscientiousness and perceived organizational support. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(4), 343–357. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.11.4.343.
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 699–727. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.128.5.699.
Yang, N. (2005). Individualism-collectivism and work-family interfaces: A Sino-U.S. comparison. In S. A. Y. Poelmans (Ed.), Work and family: An international research perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Yang, N., Chen, C. C., Choi, J., & Zou, Y. (2000). Sources of work-family conflict: A Sino-U.S. comparison of the effects of work and family demands. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 113–123.
Yavas, U. E., & Karatepe, O. M. (2008). Attitudinal and behavioral consequences of work‐family conflict and family‐work conflict: Does gender matter? International Journal of Service Industry Management, 19(1), 7–31.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Huda, S.S.M.S. (2016). Work-Family Interface: Studying Dhaka City Executives. In: Gervais, R., Millear, P. (eds) Exploring Resources, Life-Balance and Well-Being of Women Who Work in a Global Context. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31736-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31736-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31734-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31736-6
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)