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Course and Outcome of Bipolar Disorder: Focus on Depressive Aspects

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Bipolar Depression: Molecular Neurobiology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Pharmacotherapy

Part of the book series: Milestones in Drug Therapy ((MDT))

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Abstract

The presence of depressive symptoms dominates the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder (BD) and predicts functional impairment. Despite great progress in understanding the biological basis of BD, the course and outcome of the illness can only be predicted using clinical variables. This chapter summarizes the main factors that predict course and outcome in BD with a focus on depressive symptoms. The natural course of the illness, the impact of the first episode, the impact of the depressive phase, cycle length, onset, age, gender, type of illness, personality traits, temperament, comorbidity, family history, life events, and outcome features will be reviewed. Conceptual models such as disease staging and their prognostic value will also be discussed.

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Disclosures

Dr. Tohen was a full-time employee at Lilly (1997–2008). He has received honoraria from, or consulted for, Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Otsuka, Merck, Sunovion, Forest, Gedeon Richter Plc, Roche, Elan, Alkermes, Lundbeck, Teva, Pamlab, Wyeth, and Wiley Publishing. His spouse was a full-time employee at Lilly (1998–2013). Dr. Escalona has no conflict of interest to disclose, financial or otherwise.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA

    Rodrigo Escalona & Mauricio Tohen

  2. New Mexico Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    Rodrigo Escalona

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  1. Rodrigo Escalona
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  2. Mauricio Tohen
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Correspondence to Mauricio Tohen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Carlos A. Zarate Jr.

  2. Janssen Pharmaceuticals of Johnson and Johnson, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey, USA

    Husseini K. Manji

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Escalona, R., Tohen, M. (2016). Course and Outcome of Bipolar Disorder: Focus on Depressive Aspects. In: Zarate Jr., C., Manji, H. (eds) Bipolar Depression: Molecular Neurobiology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Pharmacotherapy. Milestones in Drug Therapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31689-5_3

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