Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

From the Realm of the Nebulae to Populations of Galaxies pp 189–242Cite as

Family Traits of Galaxies: From the Tuning Fork to a Physical Classification in a Multi-Wavelength Context

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Library ((ASSL,volume 435))

Abstract

At the time of the Great Debate nebulæ where recognized to have different morphologies and first classifications, sometimes only descriptive, have been attempted. A review of these early classification systems are well documented by the Allan Sandage’s review in 2005 (Sandage 2005 ). This review emphasized the debt, in term of continuity of forms of spiral galaxies, due by the Hubble’s classification scheme to the Reynold’s systems proposed in 1920 (Reynolds 1920 ).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Editors Note: \(\lambda _{r}\) is a parameter describing the specific baryonic angular momentum defined as follows, \(\lambda _{r}\)=\(\langle r\vert V \vert \rangle /\langle r\sqrt{V ^{2 } +\sigma ^{2}}\rangle\), where r is the galacto-centric distance, V and \(\sigma\) are luminosity weighted averages of the rotation velocity and velocity dispersion over a two-dimensional kinematical field.

  2. 2.

    The “Sersic profile” is a photometric law empirically devised by Josè Luis Sersic in 1963 for fitting the luminosity profile of early-type galaxies:

    $$\displaystyle{I(r) = I_{0}\ exp(-(\frac{r} {\alpha } )^{ \frac{1} {n} })}$$

    where r is the radius, I the intensity, I 0 the intensity at the galaxy center, n the Sersic index, α the scale length.

  3. 3.

    Simple being here an advantage over the complex cameras generally used by professional astronomers that are subject to a larger number of instrumental artifacts.

  4. 4.

    [Note of the Editors] These observations used small size (0.16–0.58 m) private telescopes with large field of view (20.4×30.6–73.7×110.6 arcmin) with a scale in the range 0.4–1.66 arsec px−1.

  5. 5.

    http://astrocladistics.org/.

References

  • Abraham, R., van den Bergh, S., Nair, P.: A new approach to galaxy morphology. I. Analysis of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Early data release. Astrophys. J. 588, 218 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrae, R., Jahnke, K., Melchior, P.: Parametrizing arbitrary galaxy morphologies: potentials and pitfalls. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 411, 385 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, J., Romanowsky, Aaron J., Brodie, J.P., Forbes, D.A., Strader, J., et al.: The SLUGGS survey: wide-field stellar kinematics of early-type galaxies. Astrophys. J. 791, 80 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Arp, H.: Atlas of peculiar galaxies. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 14, 1 (1966)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Arp, H., Madore, B.: A Catalogue of Southern Peculiar Galaxies and Associations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  • Athanassoula, E., Laurikainen, E., Salo, H., Bosma, A.: On the nature of the barlens component in barred galaxies. astro-ph 1405.6726 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, N.M., Brunner, R.J.: Data mining and machine learning in astronomy. Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 19, 1049 (2010)

    Article  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Barentine, J., Kormendy, J.: Two pseudobulges in the “boxy bulge” galaxy NGC 5746. Astrophys. J. 754, 140 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, R.: Rotating and counter-rotating cores in elliptical galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. 193, 7 (1988)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertola, F., Capaccioli, M.: Dynamics of early type galaxies. I - The rotation curve of the elliptical galaxy NGC 4697. Astrophys. J. 200, 439 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, D., Freeman, K.: Walk with Allan Sandage. In: Freeman, K., Elmegreen, B., Block, D., Woolway, M.A. (eds.) Lessons from the Local Group, p.1. Springer, Dordrecht (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, D., Wainscoatt, R.: Morphological differences between optical and infrared images of the spiral galaxy NGC309. Nature 353, 48 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Block, D., Elmegreen, B., Wainscoat, R.: Smooth dark spiral arms in the flocculent galaxy NGC2841. Nature 381, 674 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Block, D., et al.: The Hubble tuning fork strikes a new note. In: Block, D.L., Puerari, I., Freeman, K.C., Groess, R., Block, E.K. (eds.) Penetrating Bars Through Masks of Cosmic Dust: The Hubble Tuning Fork Strikes a New Note. Proceedings of a Conference Held at Pilanesburg National Park (South Africa). Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 319, p. 15. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2004)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bois M., Emsellem, E., Bournaud, F., Alatalo, K., Blitz, L., et al.: The ATLAS3D project - VI. Simulations of binary galaxy mergers and the link with fast rotators, slow rotators and kinematically distinct cores. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 416, 1654 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bournaud, F., Elmegreen, B.G., Elmegreen, D.M.: Astrophys. J. 670, 237 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bournaud, F., Duc, P.-A., Brinks, E., Boquien, M., Amram, P., et al.: Missing mass in collisional debris from galaxies. Science 316, 1166 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie J.P., Romanowsky, A.J., Strader, J., Forbes, D.A., Foster, C., et al.: The SAGES legacy unifying globulars and galaxies survey (SLUGGS): sample definition, methods, and initial results. Astrophys. J. 796, 52 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Buta, R.: Galaxy morphology. In: Falcon-Barroso, J., Knapen, J. (eds.) Secular Evolution of Galaxies, p.155. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Buta, R., Corwin, H.G., Jr., Odewahn, S.C.: In: Athanassoula, E., Bosma, A., Mujica, R. (eds.) The de Vaucouleurs Atlas of Galaxies. Disks of Galaxies: Kinematics, Dynamics and Perturbations. ASP Conference Proceedings. vol. 275, p. 102. Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Buta, R., Sheth, K., Athanassoula, E., Bosma, A., Knapen, J., et al.: A classical morphological analysis of galaxies in the Spitzer survey of stellar structure in galaxies (S4G). Astrophys. J. Suppl. 217 (2), A32, 46 pp. (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Caon, N., Capaccioli, M., D’Onofrio, M.: On the shape of the light profiles of early type galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 265, 1013 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cappellari M., Emsellem, E., Krajnović, D., McDermid, R.M.; Scott, N., et al.: The ATLAS3D project - I. A volume-limited sample of 260 nearby early-type galaxies: science goals and selection criteria Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 413, 813 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cappellari, M., Emsellem, E., Krajnović, D., McDermid, R.M., Serra, P., et al.: The ATLAS3D project - VII. A new look at the morphology of nearby galaxies: the kinematic morphology-density relation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 416, 1680 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cecil, G., Rose, J.A.: Constraints on galaxy structure and evolution from the light of nearby systems. Rep. Prog. Phys. 70, 1177 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Combes, F., Sanders, R.H.: Formation and properties of persisting stellar bars. Astron. Astrophys. 96, 164 (1981)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Conselice, C.J.: The relationship between stellar light distributions of galaxies and their formation histories. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 147, 1 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Conselice, C.J.: The fundamental properties of galaxies and a new galaxy classification system. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 373, 1389 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper A. P., D’Souza, R., Kauffmann, G., Wang, J., Boylan-Kolchin, M., et al.: Galactic accretion and the outer structure of galaxies in the CDM model. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 434, 3348 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cortesi, A., Merrifield, M.R., Coccato, L., Arnaboldi, M., Gerhard, O., et al.: Planetary nebula spectrograph survey of S0 galaxy kinematics - II. Clues to the origins of S0 galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 432, 1010 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vaucouleurs, G.: Classification and morphology of external galaxies. Handbuch der Physik. vol. 53, p. 275. Springer, Berlin (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vaucouleurs, G., et al.: Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies, vols. I–III. Springer, New York (1991)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Disney, M.J.: Visibility of galaxies. Nature 263, 573 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dressler, A.: Galaxy morphology in rich clusters - Implications for the formation and evolution of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 236, 351 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dressler A., Sandage A.: Rotational velocities and central velocity dispersions for a sample of S0 galaxies. Astrophys. J. 265, 664 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dressler A., Oemler, A., Jr., Butcher, H. R., Gunn, J. E.: The morphology of distant cluster galaxies. 1: HST observations of CL 0939+4713. Astrophys. J. 430, 107 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Duc P.-A., Paudel, S., McDermid, R.M., Cuillandre, J.-C., Serra, P., et al.: Identification of old tidal dwarfs near early-type galaxies from deep imaging and H I observations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 440, 1458 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Duc, P.-A., Cuillandre, J.-C., Karabal, E., Cappellari, M., Alatalo, K., et al.: The ATLAS3D project - XXIX. The new look of early-type galaxies and surrounding fields disclosed by extremely deep optical images. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 446, 120 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Elbaz D., Dickinson, M., Hwang, H.S., Dìaz-Santos, T., Magdis, G., et al.: Astron. Astrophys. 533, A119 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Eliche-Moral, M., Gonzàlez-García, A.C., Aguerri, J.A.L., Gallego, J., Zamorano, J., et al.: Evolution along the sequence of S0 Hubble types induced by dry minor mergers. I. Global bulge-to-disk structural relations. Astron. Astrophys. 547, 48 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmegreen, D.M.: A near-infrared atlas of spiral galaxies. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 47, 229 (1981)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmegreen, D.M., Elmegreen, B.G.: Blue and near-infrared surface photometry of spiral structure in 34 nonbarred grand design and flocculent galaxies. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 54, 127 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmegreen, D.M., Elmegreen, B.G.: Arm classifications for spiral galaxies. Astrophys. J. 314, 3 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Emsellem, E., Cappellari, M., Krajnovic̀, D., Alatalo, K., Blitz, L., et al.: The ATLAS3D project - III. A census of the stellar angular momentum within the effective radius of early-type galaxies: unveiling the distribution of fast and slow rotators. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 414, 888 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Eskridge, P.B., Frogel, J.A., Pogge, R.W., Quillen, A.C., Davies, R.L., et al.: The frequency of barred spiral galaxies in the near-infrared. Astron. J. 119, 536 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Falcon-Barroso, J., Lyubenova M., van de Ven G.: Angular momentum across the Hubble sequence from the CALIFA survey. In: Cappellari, M., Courteau, S. (eds.) Galaxy Masses as Constrains of Formation Models, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, IAU Symposium, vol. 311, pp. 78–81 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Feruglio, C., Maiolino, R., Piconcelli, E., Menci, N., Aussel, H., et al.: Quasar feedback revealed by giant molecular outflows Astron. Astrophys. 518, L155 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraix-Burnet, D., Dugué, M., Chattopadhyay, T., Chattopadhyay, A.K., Davoust E.: Structures in the fundamental plane of early-type galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 407, 2207 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraix-Burnet, D., Chattopadhyay, T., Chattopadhyay, A.K., Davoust, E., Thuillard, M.: A six-parameter space to describe galaxy diversification. Astron. Astrophys. 545, A80 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerola, H., Seiden, P.: Stochastic star formation and spiral structure of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 223, 129 (1978)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge P.W.: Dwarf galaxies. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 9, 35 (1971)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, P.W., Pyper, D.M., Webb, C.J.: Dwarf galaxies in the Fornax cluster. Astron. J. 70, 559 (1965)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg, E.: A photographic photometry of extragalactic nebulae. Lund. Medd. Astron. Obs. Ser. II. vol. 136, p.1 (1958)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubble, E.: A general study of diffuse galactic nebulæ. Astrophys. J. 56, 162 (1922)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubble, E.: Extragalactic nebulæ. Astrophys. J. 64, 321 (1926)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubble, E.: The classification of spiral nebulæ. Observatory. 50, 276 (1927)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubble, E.: The Realm of the Nebulæ. Yale University Press, New Haven (1936)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Ilyina, M., Sil’chenko, O., Afanasiev, V.: Nature of star-forming rings in S0 galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 439, 334 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Impey, C., Bothun, G.: Low surface brightness galaxies. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 35, 267 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Karachentsev, I.D.: Distribution of Sculptor-type dwarf systems in the Virgo cluster of galaxies. Astrophysics. 1, 118 (1965)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Karachentseva, V.E.: Sculptor-type dwarfs in galactic clusters. Astrophysics. 3, 245 (1967)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Knox-Shaw, H.: Observations of nebuæ made during 1912-1914. Helwan Obs. Bull. 15, 129 (1915)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kormendy, J.: Rotation of the bulge components of barred galaxies. Astrophys. J. 257, 75 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kormendy J.: Families of ellipsoidal stellar systems and the formation of dwarf elliptical galaxies. Astrophys. J. 295, 73 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kormendy, J., Bender, R.: A revised parallel-sequence morphological classification of galaxies: structure and formation of S0 and spheroidal salaxies.Astrophys. J. Suppl. 198, 2 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kormendy, J., Illingworth, G.: Rotation of the bulge components of disk galaxies. Astrophys. J. 256, 460 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kormendy, J., Norman, C.: Observational constraints on driving mechanisms for spiral density waves. Astrophys. J. 233, 539 (1979)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurikainen, E., Salo, H., Buta, R.: Multicomponent decompositions for a sample of S0 galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 362, 1319 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurikainen, E., et al.: Bars, ovals, and lenses in early-type disk galaxies: probes of galaxy evolution. Astrophys. J. 692, 34 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurikainen, E., Salo, H., Buta, R., Knapen, J.H., Comerón, S.: Photometric scaling relations of lenticular and spiral galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 405, 1089 (2010)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurikainen, E. Salo, H., Buta, R., Knapen J.H.: Near-infrared atlas of S0-Sa galaxies (NIRS0S). Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418, 1452 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurikainen, E., Salo, H., Athanassoula, E., Bosma, A., Herrera-Endoqui, M.: Milky Way mass galaxies with X-shaped bulges are not rare in the local Universe. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 444, 80 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lintott, C., Schawinski, K., Bamford, S., Slosar, A., Land, K., et al.: Galaxy Zoo 1: data release of morphological classifications for nearly 900 000 galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 410, 166 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Longo, G., Capaccioli, M., Busarello, G. (eds.): Morphological and physical classification of galaxies. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop of the Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 178. Springer, New York (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lotz, J., Primack, J., Madau, P.: A new nonparametric approach to galaxy morphological classification. Astron. J. 128, 163 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lütticke, R., Dettmar, R., Pohlen, M.: Box- and peanut-shaped bulges. I. Statistics. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 145, 405 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Delgado, D., Gabany, R.J., Crawford, K., Zibetti, S., Majewski, S.R., et al.: Stellar tidal streams in spiral galaxies of the local volume: a pilot survey with modest aperture telescopes. Astron. J. 140, 962 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Meidt, S.E., Schinnerer, E., Knapen, J.H., Bosma, A., Athanassoula, E., et al.: Reconstructing the stellar mass distributions of galaxies using S4G IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 μm images. I. Correcting for contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hot dust, and intermediate-age stars. Astrophys. J. 744, 17 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Meidt, S.E., Schinnerer, E. van de Ven, G., Zaritsky, D., Peletier, R., et al.: Reconstructing the stellar mass distributions of galaxies using S4G IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 μm images. II. The conversion from light to mass. Astrophys. J. 788, 144 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirabel, I.F., Dottori, H., Lutz, D.: Genesis of a dwarf galaxy from the debris of the Antennae. Astron. Astrophys. 256, L19–L22 (1992)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moffet, A., Kannappan, S.J., Baker, A.J., Laine, S.: Extended ultraviolet disks and ultraviolet-bright disks in low-mass E/S0 galaxies. Astrophys. J. 745, 34 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, W.W.: A preliminary classification of the forms of galaxies according to their stellar population. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 70, 364 (1958)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Odewahan, S.C., Cohen, S.H., Windhorst, R.A., Philip, N.S.: Automated galaxy morphology: a Fourier approach. Astrophys. J. 568, 539 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillipps, S., Disney, M., Kibblewhite, E., Cawson, M.: The surface brightness of 1550 galaxies in Fornax. II - Automated galaxy surface photometry. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 229, 505 (1987)

    Google Scholar 

  • Querejeta, M., Meidt, S. E., Schinnerer, E., Cisternas, M., Muñoz-Mateos, J.C., et al.: The Spitzer survey of stellar structure in galaxies (S4G). The pipeline 5: high-precision stellar masses at 3.6 micron. astro-ph 1409.5126 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rampazzo, R., Vega, O., Bressan, A., Clemens, M. S., Marino, A., Panuzzo, P.: A Spitzer-IRS view of early-type galaxies with cuspy/core nuclei and fast/slow rotation. Astron. Astrophys. 565, A50 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reaves, G.: Dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 74, 392 (1962)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, J.H.: Photometric measures of the nuclei of some typical spiral nebulæ. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 80, 746 (1920)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, J.H.: Nebulae. The condensation in the spiral. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 85, 142 (1924)

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, J.H.: The classification of the spiral nebulæ. Observatory. 50, 185 (1927)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rix, H.-W., Rieke, M.J.: Tracing the stellar mass in M51. Astrophys. J. 418, 123 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, W.W. Jr., Roberts, M.S., Shu, F.H.: Density wave theory and the classification of spiral galaxies. Astrophys. J. 196, 381 (1975)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez Almeida, J., Aguerri, J.A.L., Muñoz-Tuñón, C., de Vicente, A.: Automatic unsupervised classification of all Sloan Digital Sky Survey data release 7 galaxy spectra. Astrophys. J. 714, 487 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandage, A.: The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandage, A.: The calssification of galaxies: early history and ongoing developments. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 43, 581–624 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandage, A., Bedke, J.: The Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies. Vols. I & II. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, Washington, DC, 638 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandage, A., Binggeli, B.: Studies of the Virgo cluster. III - A classification system and an illustrated atlas of Virgo cluster dwarf galaxies. Astron. J. 89, 919 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandage, A. Tammann, G.A.: A Revised Shapley-Ames Catalog of Bright Galaxies. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, Washington, DC, 635 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandage, A., Sandage, M., Kristian, J.: Galaxies and the Universe, Stars and Stellar Systems, vol. 9, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer, F.: Photometric studies of spiral structure. I - The disks and arms of six SB I and SC I galaxies. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 31, 313 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellwood, J.A., Carlberg, R.G.: Transient spirals as superposed instabilities. Astrophys. J. 785, 137 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Serra, P., Oser, L., Krajnovic̀, D., Naab, T., Oosterloo, T., et al.: The ATLAS3D project - XXVI. H I discs in real and simulated fast and slow rotators. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 444, 3388 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheth, K., Regan, M., Hinz, J. L., Gil de Paz, A., Menéndez-Delmestre, K. al.: The Spitzer survey of stellar structure in galaxies (S4G). Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 122, 1397 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sil’chenko, O.: Recent revolutions and unsolved problems in the galaxy evolution paradigm. Astron. Nachr. 334, 781 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Silk, J., Mamon, G.A.: The current status of galaxy formation. Research in Astron. Astrophys. 12, 917 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Simien, F., de Vaucouleurs, G.: Systematics of bulge-to-disk ratios. Astrophys. J. 302, 564 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, L. Jr., Baade, W.: Stellar populations and collisions of galaxies. Astrophys. J. 113, 413 (1951)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoughton, C., et al.: Sloan Digital Sky Survey: early data release. Astron. J. 123, 485 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sulentic, J.W., Tifft, W.G.: The Revised New General Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects. University of Arizona Press, Tucson (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Szomoru, D., Franx, M., van Dokkum, P.G.: Sizes and surface brightness profiles of quiescent galaxies at z\(\sim\) 2. Astrophys. J. 749, 121 (2012)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Thornley, M.: Uncovering spiral structure in flocculent galaxies. Astrophys. J. 469, l45 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tolstoy, E., Hill, V., Tosi, M.: Star-formation histories, abundances, and kinematics of dwarf galaxies in the local group. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47, 371 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsikoudi, V.: Photometry and structure of lenticular galaxies. II - NGC 4111 and NGC 4762. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 43, 365 (1980)

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Bergh, S.: A Catalogue of Dwarf Galaxies. Publications of the David Dunlap Observatory, University of Toronto. vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 147–150. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada (1959)

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Bergh, S.: The luminosity classification of galaxies. Astron. J. 64, 347 (1959)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Bergh, S.: A new classification system for galaxies. Astrophys. J. 206, 883 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Bergh, S.: Some musings on galaxy classification. Astron. J. 113, 2054 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Bergh, S.: Galaxy Morphology and Classification. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1998)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dokkum, P.G., Leja, J., Nelson, E.J., Patel, S., Skelton, R.E., et al.: The assembly of Milky-Way-like galaxies since z\(\sim\) 2.5. Astrophys. J. 771, 35 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dokkum, P.G., Abraham, R., Merritt, A.: First results from the dragonfly telephoto array: the apparent lack of a stellar halo in the massive spiral galaxy M 101 Astropys. J. Lett. 782, L24 (2014)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vorontsov-Vel’Yaminov, B., Arkhipova, V.P.: Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies, Part I (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, M., Kodaira, K., Okamura S.: Digital surface photometry of galaxies toward a quantitative classification. IV - Principal component analysis of surface-photometric parameters. Astrophys. J. 292, 72 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinzirl, T., et al.: Bulge n and B/T in high-mass galaxies: constraints on the origin of bulges in hierarchical models. Astrophys. J. 696, 411–447 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Welch, G.: Galaxy Morphology and Classification. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1998); J. R. Astron. Soc. Can. 93, 201 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitmore, B.C.: An objective classification system for spiral galaxies. I The two dominant dimensions. Astrophys. J. 278, 61 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, M.: Die Klassifizierung der kleinen Nebelflecken. Publik. Astrophys. Inst. Koenigstuhl Heidelberg, 3, 109 (1908)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Woltjer, L.: Dynamics of gas and magnetic fields; spiral structure. In: A. Blaauw, M. Schmidt (eds.) Galactic Structure. p. 531. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wray, J.D.: The Color Atlas of Galaxies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, L.M., Bureau, M., Davis, T.A., Combes, F., McDermid, R.M., et al.: The ATLAS3D project - IV. The molecular gas content of early-type galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 414, 940 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaritsky, D., Rix, H.-W., Rieke, M.: Inner spiral structure of the galaxy M51. Nature 364, 313 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwicky, F.: Some novel features of the Whirlpool nebula as revealed by composite analytical photography. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 67, 232 (1955)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, I35122, Padova, Italy

    Roberto Rampazzo & Simone Zaggia

  2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padua, Italy

    Mauro D’Onofrio

  3. Physics and Astronomy Department, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Ave, Box 745, Poughkeesple, NY, 12604-0745, USA

    Debra M. Elmegreen

  4. Department of Physics, Astronomy Division, University of Oulu, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland

    Eija Laurikainen

  5. CEA Saclay, Service d’Astrophysique, L’Orme des Merisiers, Bat 709, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France

    Pierre-Alain Duc

  6. Instituto de Astrofisica de Canaria, Via Lactea, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

    Carme Gallart

  7. Université de Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, IPAG, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France

    Didier Fraix-Burnet

Authors
  1. Roberto Rampazzo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mauro D’Onofrio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Simone Zaggia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Debra M. Elmegreen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Eija Laurikainen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Pierre-Alain Duc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Carme Gallart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Didier Fraix-Burnet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roberto Rampazzo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

    Mauro D'Onofrio

  2. INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy

    Roberto Rampazzo

  3. INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy

    Simone Zaggia

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rampazzo, R. et al. (2016). Family Traits of Galaxies: From the Tuning Fork to a Physical Classification in a Multi-Wavelength Context. In: D'Onofrio, M., Rampazzo, R., Zaggia, S. (eds) From the Realm of the Nebulae to Populations of Galaxies. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 435. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31006-0_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation