Skip to main content

Africa-to-Africa Internationalization: Future Trends and Research Avenues

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Africa-to-Africa Internationalization

Part of the book series: AIB Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Series ((AIBSSA))

Abstract

The push and pull factors that have led to the rapid, unprecedented internationalization of African firms are likely to continue in the near future. Sensing immense market opportunities in the region, many African firms will proactively expand or follow the lead of their corporate clients and partners. Drawn by the success of firms that have grown phenomenally through internationalization, many firms will be unable to resist the opportunity to acquire a share of Africa’s one billion consumers. Firms in economies or sectors with limited growth potential will be tempted and eventually ‘forced’ to diversify geographically. Several companies will have easier access to capital and resources, providing them with large war chests for cross-border acquisitions and greenfield investments. For others, interestingly, the mere ambition of becoming a pan-African or international firm will override other apparently important (economic) considerations. Beyond these factors, more regionalization activities are likely to occur as economic integration at the sub-regional and regional levels progresses. The proposed commencement of the African Continental Free Trade Area in 2017 will most certainly trigger greater intra-African trade and investments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acquaah, M. (2007). Managerial social capital, strategic orientation, and organizational performance in an emerging economy. Strategic Management Journal, 28, 1235–1255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adeleye, I., White, L., Ibeh, K., & Kinoti, A. (2015). The changing dynamics of international business in Africa: Emerging trends and key issues. In I. Adeleye, K. Ibeh, A. Kinoti, & L. White (Eds.), The changing dynamics of international business in Africa (pp. 1–16). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Adeniyi, O. (2015). Dangote, Adenuga and the Nigerian Condition. ThisDay. Retrieved June 11, from http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/saraki-dogara-and-apcs-naivety-/211669

  • Ajai, O. (2015). Failure of Africa-to-Africa internationalization: Key factors and lessons. In I. Adeleye, K. Ibeh, A. Kinoti, & L. White (Eds.), The changing dynamics of international business in Africa (pp. 148–168). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Amankwah-Amoah, J., & Debrah, Y. (2014). Air Afrique: The demise of a continental icon. Business History, 56(4), 517–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amankwah-Amoah, J., & Zhang, H. (2015). ‘Tales from the grave’: What can we learn from failed international companies? Foresight, 17(5), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, T., Fuchs, M., Singer, D., & Witte, M. (2014). Making cross-border banking work for Africa. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Bonn and Eschborn. Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boojihawon, D. K., & Acholonu, K. (2013). Internationalization process of African banks: An exploratory study. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 4(2), 244–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boston Consulting Group. (2010). The African Challengers: Global Competitors Emerge from the Overlooked Continent. Retrieved from https://www.bcg.com/documents/file44610.pdf

  • Boso, N., Story, V. M., Cadogan, J. W., Micevski, M., & Kadic-Maglajlic, S. (2013). Firm innovativeness and export performance: Environmental, networking, and structural contingencies. Journal of International Marketing, 21(4), 62–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BusinessDaily. (2015). Equity Bank readies Sh200bn for ten country expansion. Retrieved April 1, from http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Equity-Bank-plans-Sh200-billion-ten-country-expansion-/-/539552/2672024/-/tudjv1z/-/index.html

  • Casillas, J. C., & Moreno-Menéndez, A. M. (2014). Speed of the internationalization process: The role of diversity and depth in experiential learning. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(1), 85–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Contractor, F. J., Kumar, V., & Kundu, S. K. (2007). Nature of the relationship between international expansion and performance: The case of emerging market firms. Journal of World Business, 42(4), 401–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dacin, M. T., Goodstein, J., & Scott, W. R. (2002). Institutional theory and institutional change: Introduction to the special research forum. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 45–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Soto, H. (2000). The mystery of capital: Why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitratos, P., Amorós, J. E., Etchebarne, M. S., & Felzensztein, C. (2014). Micro-multinational or not? International entrepreneurship, networking and learning effects. Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 908–915.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, J. H. (1977). Trade, location of economic activity and the MNE: A search for an eclectic approach. In B. Ohlin, P. Hesselborn, & P. M. Wijkman (Eds.), The international allocation of economic activity. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, J. H. (1993). Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Workingham, Berkshire: Addison Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, J. H. (2006). Comment on dragon multinationals: New players in 21st century globalization. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23(2), 139–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst and Young. (2013). What it takes to succeed in Francophone Africa. Retrieved from http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/What_it_takes_to_succeed_in_Francophone_Africa/$FILE/130722%20Francophone%20SGF%20thought%20pieceindd.pdf

  • Estrin, S. (2014). Internationalization of firms from emerging markets: Location choice and the impact of institutions and state ownership. International Business and Institutions After the Financial Crisis, 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghemawat, P. (2001). Distance still matters. Harvard Business Review, 79(8), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosse, R. (2015). Standard Bank: An African tiger. In I. Adeleye, K. Ibeh, A. Kinoti, & L. White (Eds.), The changing dynamics of international business in Africa (pp. 220–241). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ibeh, K. I. N. (2015). Rising Africa and its nascent multinational corporations. In I. Adeleye, K. Ibeh, A. Kinoti, & L. White (Eds.), The changing dynamics of international business in Africa (pp. 123–147). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ibeh, K. I. N., Borchert, O., & Wheeler, C. (2009). Micro-multinationals: Transcending resource challenges in international business. In K. I. N. Ibeh & S. Davies (Eds.), Contemporary challenges to international business (pp. 85–105). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ibeh, K. I. N., Johnson, J. E., Dimitratos, P., & Slow, J. (2004). Micro-multinationals: Some preliminary evidence on an emergent star of the international entrepreneurship field. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 2(4), 289–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ibeh, K. I. N., Wilson, J., & Chizema, A. (2012). The Internationalization of African firms, 1995–2011: Review and Implications. Thunderbird International Business Review, 54(4), 411–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IFC. (2015). Sub-Saharan Africa: SME initiatives. Retrieved from http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/region__ext_content/regions/sub-saharan+africa/advisory+services/sustainablebusiness/sme_initiatives/sme_initiatives

  • Imaralu, D. 2013. 10 African companies going global in 2013. Ventures Africa. Retrieved from http://venturesafrica.com/10-african-companies-going-global-in-2013

  • Jain, N., Lahiri, S., & Hausknecht, D. (2013). Emerging market multinationals’ location choice: The role of firm resources and internationalization motivations. European Business Review, 25(3), 263–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm: A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khanna, T., & Palepu, K. (2000). The future of business groups in emerging markets: Long-run evidence from Chile. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 268–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khanna, T., & Palepu, K. G. (2010). (With Richard Bullock). Winning in emerging markets: A road map for strategy and execution. Boston: Harvard Business Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khanna, T., & Rivkin, J. (2001). Estimating the performance effects of business groups in emerging markets. Strategic Management Journal, 22(1), 45–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, S., & Wocke, A. (2007). Emerging global contenders: The South African experience. Journal of International Management, 13(3), 319–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krüger, R., & Strauss, I. (2015). Africa rising out of itself: The growth of intra-African FDI. Columbia FDI Perspectives, 139, January 19. Columbia University. Columbia Center on Sustainable International Investment.

    Google Scholar 

  • London, T., & Hart, S. (2004). Reinventing strategies for emerging markets: Beyond the transnational model. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(5), 350–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luiz, J., Townsend, S., & Beswick, C. (2015). Game in Africa: Seizing the opportunity. In I. Adeleye, K. Ibeh, A. Kinoti, & L. White (Eds.), The changing dynamics of international business in Africa (pp. 242–261). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Luiz, J. M., & Stewart, C. (2014). Corruption, South African multinational enterprises and institutions in Africa. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(3), 383–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y. (2003). Industrial dynamics and managerial networking in an emerging market: The case of China. Strategic Management Journal, 24, 1315–1327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Y., & Tung, R. L. (2007). International expansion of emerging market enterprises: A springboard perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4), 481–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mair, J., & Marti, I. (2009). Entrepreneurship in and around institutional voids: A case study from Bangladesh. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 419–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masango, S. G., & Marinova, S. T. (2012). Development of international entrepreneurial opportunities by South African early and rapidly internationalizing small firms. In M. Marinov & S. Marinova (Eds.), Impacts of emerging economies and firms on international business (pp. 302–316). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Masango, S. G., & Marinova, S. T. (2014). Early rapidly internationalizing small firms from South Africa. In M. Marinov & S. Marinova (Eds.), Success and challenges of emerging economy multinationals (pp. 158–183). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, J. A. (2006). Dragon multinationals: New players in 21st century globalization. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23(1), 5–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNamee, T., Pearson, M., & Boer, W. (2015). Africans investing in Africa: Understanding business and trade, sector by sector. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mellahi, K., Frynas, J. G., Sun, P., & Siegel, D. (2015). A Review of the Nonmarket Strategy Literature Toward a Multi-Theoretical Integration. Journal of Management, 0149206315617241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D., Lee, J., Chang, S., & Le Breton-Miller, I. (2009). Filling the institutional void: The social behavior and performance of family vs non-family technology firms in emerging markets. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(5), 802–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narula, R. (2006). Globalization, new ecologies, new zoologies, and the purported death of the eclectic paradigm. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23(2), 143–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narula, R. (2012). Do we need different frameworks to explain infant MNEs from developing countries? Global Strategy Journal, 2(3), 188–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ngwu, F., Adeleye, I., & Ogbechie, C. (2015). Africa-to-African internationalization: Rhetoric, reality and risks of intra-African regional expansion. In S. Nwankwo & K. Ibeh (Eds.), The Routledge companion to business in Africa (pp. 9–31). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nwaoguji, C. (2015). Why we invested $400m in Zambia cement plant—Dangote. The Sun. Retrieved August 11, from http://sunnewsonline.com/new/why-we-invested-400m-in-zambia-cement-plant-dangote

  • Nyuur, R. B., & Debrah, Y. A. (2014). Predicting foreign firms’ expansion and divestment intentions in Host countries: insights from Ghana. Thunderbird International Business Review, 56(5), 407–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Grady, S., & Lane, H. (1996). The psychic distance paradox. Journal of International Business Studies, 27(2), 309–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osabutey, E. L. C., & Okoro, C. (2015). Political risk and foreign direct investment in Africa: The case of the Nigerian telecommunications industry. Thunderbird International Business Review, 57(6), 417–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parente, R. C., Cyrino, A. B., Spohr, N., & de Vasconcelos, F. C. (2013). Lessons learned from Brazilian multinationals’ internationalization strategies. Business Horizons, 56(4), 453–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Planting, S. (2014). Shoprite shifts investment focus to Africa. Retrieved August 19, from http://www.moneyweb.co.za/uncategorized/shoprite-shifts-investment-focus-to-africa

  • Ramamurti, R. (2012). What is really different about emerging market multinationals? Global Strategy Journal, 2(1), 41–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rolfe, R., Perri, A., & Woodward, D. (2015). Patterns and determinants of intra-African foreign direct investment. In I. Adeleye, K. Ibeh, A. Kinoti, & L. White (Eds.), The changing dynamics of international business in Africa (pp. 101–122). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rugman, A., Lee, I. H., & Terjesen, S. (2011). Are born global firms really born regional?. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 31(16), 11. Retrieved from http://digitalknowledge.babson.edu/fer/vol31/iss16/11

  • Ruigrok, W., Georgakakis, D., & Greve, P. (2013). Regionalization strategy and performance: The moderating role of industry dynamism and top management team diversity. Multinational Business Review, 21(1), 6–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saville, A., & White, L. (2015). Ensuring that Africa keeps rising: The economic integration imperative. South African Journal of International Affairs, 22(1), 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suder, G. (2015). Regional trade agreements: Non-market strategy in the context of business regionalization. In T. C. Lawton & T. S. Rajwani (Eds.), The Routledge companion to non-market strategy (pp. 332–347). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • The African Report. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.theafricareport.com/Africa-in-2014.html

  • Thite, M., Wilkinson, A., Budhwar, P., & Mathews, J. (2016). Internationalization of emerging Indian multinationals: Linkage, leverage and learning (LLL) perspective. International Business Review, 25(1), 435–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viswanathan, M., & Rosa, J. A. (2007). Product and market development for subsistence marketplaces: Consumption and entrepreneurship beyond literacy and resource barriers. Advances in International Management, 20, 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J. W., Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., Kistruck, G. M., & Tihanyi, L. (2011). Where is the opportunity without the customer? An integration of marketing activities, the entrepreneurship process, and institutional theory. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(4), 537–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, C. R. (2009). Informal institutions rule: Institutional arrangements and economic performance. Public Choice, 139(3–4), 371–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2015). Data: Sub-Saharan Africa. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/region/SSA

  • Yiu, D., Lau, C., & Bruton, G. (2007). International venturing by emerging economy firms: the effects of firm capabilities, home country networks, and corporate entrepreneurship. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4), 519–540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400278 http://data.worldbank.org/region/SSA

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ifedapo Adeleye .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Adeleye, I., Boso, N. (2016). Africa-to-Africa Internationalization: Future Trends and Research Avenues. In: Adeleye, I., White, L., Boso, N. (eds) Africa-to-Africa Internationalization. AIB Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30692-6_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics