Abstract
Aggregation is the “natural response” of particle systems on the existence of interfacial energy. A lot of colloidal materials therefore contain or completely consist of particle aggregates. The morphology of these aggregates depends on the prevailing aggregation mechanisms; it is typically irregular and can be described as fractallike. The chapter introduces concepts to quantify size and structure of aggregates and asks for the physical properties of colloidal aggregates in suspensions. It particularly addresses the light scattering and hydrodynamic behaviour. The principal physical effects are discussed; models and tools for calculation are reviewed. It is shown how the consequent use of such knowledge can significantly enhance material characterisation. Last but not least the chapter addresses the van-der-Waals and double layer interaction between colloidal aggregates.
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Notes
- 1.
The term cluster states that aggregation occurs between individual clusters incl. single particles, whereas in a particle aggregation mechanism only single particles adhere at a central aggregate (Schaefer and Hurd 1990).
- 2.
The term fractal is derived from the latin fractus, i.e. broken.
- 3.
This definition deviates from the one some authors use for compact aggregates, where the fluid captured in the voids are considered as part of the aggregate. However, in the case of fractal aggregates it is difficult to define a meaningful aggregate surface, which is necessary for calculating a total volume or mass.
- 4.
Note that the primary particles can change their shape and size after aggregation, e.g. due to sintering. In this case, the term constituent particles would be more appropriate.
- 5.
The slight data scatter results from the low number of orientations (15) used for averaging in GMM calculations.
- 6.
The equations in that paper contain misprints. A corrected version is given by Schaefer and Hurd (1990).
- 7.
A more detailed analysis in Babick et al. (2012b) revealed that the polydispersity of the computed distribution q int contradicts the “physical” polydispersity obtained by the method of cumulants in the case of the 90° DLS instrument, while they agree well for the backscattering DLS instrument.
- 8.
Since the detection is based on optical signals, the methods can be blind to very small aggregates. The minimum aggregate size can never be reliably detected via scattering or extinction.
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Babick, F. (2016). Suspensions of Colloidal Aggregates. In: Suspensions of Colloidal Particles and Aggregates. Particle Technology Series, vol 20. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30663-6_4
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