Abstract
The international maritime transport sector is known as one of the oldest industries in the world. Ships are used for various purposes from transportation to military and they are considered vital for global trade since their main use is for the transport of goods around the world. Currently, the international commercial shipping sector is carrying out nearly nine out of ten tons of the global cargo transportation needs. Despite the fact that the effect of shipping emissions to global warming is limited when compared to other modes of transport, greenhouse gas emissions constitute a serious issue for shipping as well. Just as any other product, a ship has a life cycle which is expected to last 20–30 years or more. A ship’s life cycle may be divided into four main phases: manufacturing, operation, maintenance and dismantling/recycling. The great portion of emissions occurs during the operational phase due to the propulsion and energy demands of the ship however greenhouse gases are emitted also in other phases of the ship life cycle. In this study, a life cycle concept for ships is comprehensively described and some illustrative emission results are provided in particular for ship greenhouse gas emissions (GHG’s).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
ABS. (2013). Ship energy efficiency measures. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
Andreoni, V., Miola, A., Perujo, A. (2008). Cost effectiveness analysis of the emission abatement in the shipping sector emissions, European Commission Joint Research Center, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, ISBN: 978-92-79-11280-5.
Bilgili, L., Celebi, U. B., Alkan, G. B., Caglak, S. B., & Koralturk, G. (2014). Comparison of different ship emission estimation methodologies for annual emission footprint and reduction techniques of a bulk carrier. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 23(7), 1497–1509.
Celebi, U. B. (2008). Wastes in shipbuilding and paint emission estimation, Ph.D. Thesis, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey (in Turkish).
Chatzinikolaou, S. D., & Ventikos, N. P. (2013). Assessment of ship emissions in a life cycle perspective. 3rd International Exergy, Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability Workshop & Symposium, Nisyros, Greece. Retrieved 7–9 July 2013.
Chatzinikolaou, S., & Ventikos, N. P. (2014). Assessing environmental impacts of ships from a life cycle perspective. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering, MARTECH 2014, Lisbon, Portugal. Retrieved October 15–17, 2014.
Chatzinikolaou, S., & Ventikos, N. P. (2015). Critical analysis of air emissions from ships: Lifecycle thinking and results. In H. Psaraftis (Ed.), Green transport logistics: the quest for win-win solutions (International Series in Operations Research & Management Science). Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-17175-3.
Cofala, J., Amann, M., Hezes, C., Wagner, F., Klimont, Z., Posch, M., Schopp, W., Tarasson, L., Jonson, J. E., Whall, C., & Stavrakaki, A. (2007). Analysis of policy measures to reduce ship emissions in the context of the revision of the national emissions ceiling directive, Final Report, Submitted to the European Commission, DG Environment, Unit ENV/C1, Contract No. 070501/2005/419589/MAR/C1, IIASA Contract No. 06-107.7157-7160.
Crist, P. (2009). Greenhouse gas emissions reduction potential from international shipping, Joint Transport Research Centre of the OECD and the International Transport Forum, Retrieved May 2009.
De Schryver, A. M. (2010). Value choices in life cycle impact assessments, PhD-Thesis Radboud University, Nijmegen, ISBN: 978-94-91066-02-3.
EC-JRC. (2011). Recommendations based on existing environmental impact assessment models and factors for life cycle assessment in European context ILCD Handbook—International Reference Life Cycle Data System. European Union EUR24571EN. ISBN 978-92-79-17451-3.
Edwards, J. H., Galbally, I. E., Meyer, C. P., & Weeks, I. A. (1996). Lifecycle emissions and energy analysis of LNG, oil and coal, Final Report to Woodside Petroleum Pty Ltd.
ENTEC. (2005). Service contract on ship emissions: Assignment, abatement and market-based instruments, Task 2c-SO2 Abatement Final Report, Retrieved August, 2005.
Fet, A. M. (2002). Environmental reporting in marine transport based on LCA. Journal of Marine Design and Operations B, B1, 1476–1556.
Haglind, F. (2008). A review on the use of gas and steam turbine combined cycles as prime movers for large ships. Part I: Background and design. Energy Conversion and Management, 49, 3458–3467.
Helfre, J. F., & Boot, P. A. C. (2013). Emission reduction in the shipping industry: Regulations, exposure and solutions. Sustainalytics.
Hischier, R., et al. (2010). Implementation of life cycle impact assessment methods ecoinvent report No. 3, v2.2. Dübendorf: Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories.
IMO. (2009). Prevention of ghg emissions from ships. Second IMO GHG Study 2009 – Final Report, MEPC 59/4/7. April 2009.
IMO. (2014). Reduction of GHG emissions from ships, Third GHG Study 2014-Final Report, Retrieved July 25, 2014.
IMO (International Maritime Organization). (2012). International shipping facts and figures-information resources on trade, safety, security, environment. Maritime Knowledge Center, Retrieved March 6, 2012.
ISO. (2006). ISO 14040 international standard. In Environmental management—life cycle assessment—principles and framework. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
Kameyama M. K., Hiraoka, A., Sakurai, T. Naruse & Tauchi H. (2004). In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on EcoBalance. 25–27 October, Tsukuba, Japan, pp. 159–162.
MEPC. (2011). Air pollution and energy efficiency, GHG emissions-mitigating measures for oil tankers, Submitted by Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), MEPC 63/INF.7. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Miola, A., Ciuffo, B., Marra, M., & Giovine, E. (2010). Analytical framework to regulate air emissions from maritime transport, European Commission Joint Research Center, Institute for Environment and Sustainability.
UNCTAD. (2014). In J. Rogers (Ed.), Review of maritime transport 2014. eISBN: 978-92-1-056861-6.
Wang, H., & Lutsey, N. (2013). Long-term potential for increased shipping efficiency through the adoption of industry-leading practices, The International Council on Clean Transportation, Retrieved July, 2013.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chatzinikolaou, S., Ventikos, N., Bilgili, L., Celebi, U.B. (2016). Ship Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions. In: Grammelis, P. (eds) Energy, Transportation and Global Warming. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30127-3_65
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30127-3_65
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-30126-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-30127-3
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)