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Microfluidic Methods for Molecular Biology pp 95–112Cite as

Microfluidic Approaches to Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) for Detecting RNA Targets in Single Cells

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Abstract

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful molecular technique in cell biology and microbiology for detection and localization of a nucleic acid target within an intact cell or chromosome spread, based on hybridization of a fluorescently labeled nucleic acid “probe” to its complementary target. In some instances, FISH analysis is performed on intact samples—whether thin tissue sections, or environmental samples, allowing the nucleic acid target to be localized in context with other cells. FISH evolved from in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques utilizing radiolabeled probes. By comparison, FISH typically utilizes small-molecule fluorophores. This labeling approach eliminates the hazards associated with radioactivity, and allows analysis with common laboratory instrumentation, including epifluorescence or laser-scanning confocal microscopes, or flow cytometers. Unlike PCR, sequencing, or most other nucleic acid analysis methods, FISH is fundamentally a single-cell measurement technique. Whether using imaging or flow cytometry as a readout, the signals from FISH are detected and analyzed on a cell-by-cell basis, affording a unique capability for studying rare events or heterogeneity within a population. Coupling of FISH with flow sorters also affords a unique capability for enriching cell or chromosome populations or even isolating single cells based on presence of specific nucleic acid targets [7, 10, 43].

Keywords

  • Lab on a chip
  • Molecular diagnostics
  • Gene expression
  • Genetic analysis
  • Single-cell analysis
  • Nucleic acid hybridization
  • Flow cytometry

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge support from Sandia National Laboratories’ Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the US Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, MS 9291, 969, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA

    Robert J. Meagher Ph.D. & Meiye Wu M.A., Ph.D.

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  1. Robert J. Meagher Ph.D.
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  2. Meiye Wu M.A., Ph.D.
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert J. Meagher Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA

    Chang Lu

  2. Dpt of Biomedical Engg. & Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA

    Scott S. Verbridge

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Meagher, R.J., Wu, M. (2016). Microfluidic Approaches to Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) for Detecting RNA Targets in Single Cells. In: Lu, C., Verbridge, S. (eds) Microfluidic Methods for Molecular Biology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30019-1_5

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