Skip to main content

Normalization

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1557 Accesses

Abstract

Using a feature extraction technique can assist in the discovery of discriminant features and, in datasets containing sources of intra-subject sample variability, feature extraction techniques may identify the discriminant features not affected by such variability. However, when it is possible to identify these sources of variability, it may also be possible to use normalization to expose the important features that would otherwise be hidden due to differences in the conditions at the time of sample collection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Barras, Claude, and Jean-Luc Gauyain. 2003. Feature and score normalization for speaker of cellular data. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP ‘03) 2(2) II—49–52. Orsay.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Byrd, Dani, Sungbok Lee, and Rebeka Compos-Astorkiza. 2008. Phrase boundary effects on the temporal kinematics of sequential tongue tip consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123(6): 4456–4465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Cao, Zhimin, Qi Yin, Xiaoou Tang, and Jian Sun. 2010. Face recognition with learning-based descriptor. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Francisco. 2707–2714.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Gusfield, Dan 1993. Efficient methods for multiple sequence alignment with guaranteed error bounds. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 55(1): 141–154.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Moustakidis, Serafeim P., John B. Theocharis, and Giannis Giakas. 2008. Subject recognition based on ground reaction force measurements of gait signals. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part B: Cybernetics 38(6): 1476–1485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Nistér, David, and Henrik Stewénius. 2006. Scalable recognition with a vocabulary tree. In IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’06), New York. 2161–2168.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Quinn, Gerry P., and Michael J. Keough. 2002. Analysis of Covariance. In 1 (Ed.), Experimental design and data analysis for biologists. Cambridge University Press. 339–358.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Rodriguez, Rubén Vera, Nicholas W.D. Evans, Richard P. Lewis, Benoit Fauve, and John S.D. Mason. 2007. An experimental study on the feasibility of footsteps as a biometric. In 15th european signal processing conference (EUSIPCO 2007). 748–752, Poznan.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Rodriguez, Rubén Vera, John S.D. Mason, and Nicholas W.D. Evans. 2008. Footstep recognition for a smart home environment. International Journal of Smart Home 2(2): 95–110.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Sakoe, Hiroaki, and Seibi Chiba. 1978. Dynamic programming algorithm optimization for spoken word recognition. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 26(1): 43–49.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. Sanguansat, Parinya. 2012. Multiple multidimensional sequence alignment using generalized dynamic time warping. WSEAS Transactions on Mathematics 11(8): 668–678.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Taylor, Amanda J., Hylton B. Menz, and Anne-Maree Keenan. 2004. The influence of walking speed on plantar pressure measurements using the two-step gait initiation protocol. The Foot 14(1): 49–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Wang, Kongming, and Theo Gasser. 1997. Alignment of curves by dynamic time warping. The Annals of Statistics 25(3): 1251–1276.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang, Xingxing, Li Min Wang, and Qiao Yu. 2012. A comparative study of encoding, pooling, and normalization methods for action recognition. ACCV’12 Proceedings of the 11th Asian conference on Computer Vision Volume Part III. 572–585, Daejeon.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Zhu, Qiang, Shai Avidan, Mei-Chen Yeh and Kwang-Ting Cheng. 2006. Fast human detection using a cascade of histograms of oriented gradients. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 1491–1498, New York.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James Eric Mason .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mason, J.E., Traoré, I., Woungang, I. (2016). Normalization. In: Machine Learning Techniques for Gait Biometric Recognition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29088-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29088-1_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-29086-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-29088-1

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics