Abstract
Thymoma and thymic carcinoma are the most frequent anterior mediastinal neoplasms that originates from epithelial tissue of the thymic gland. Histologic classification of thymomas has been under debate for many years until the World Health Organization (WHO) published and updated the histologic classification of thymomas in 1999 and 2004, respectively [1, 2]. In updated version, type C thymomas were classified in to separate type of thymic tumors as thymic carcinomas (Table 17.1). The widely used staging system, Masaoka classification published in 1981 and further refined with little modifications as the Masaoka-Koga staging system in 1994 (Table 17.2), was proved to be a significant factor for survival [3, 4].
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Rosai J, Sobin L. Histological typing of tumours of the thymus. In: Rosai J, Sobin L, editors. World Health Organization, International classification of tumours. Berlin: Springer; 1999. p. 9–14.
Travis WD, Brambilla E, Muller-Hermelink HK, et al. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart. In: Kleihues P, Sobin LH, editors. WHO classification of tumours. 2nd ed. Lyon: IARC Press; 2004. p. 145–97.
Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakahara K, et al. Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages. Cancer. 1981;48:2485e92.
Koga K, Matsuno Y, Noguchi M, et al. A review of 79 thymomas: modification of staging system and reappraisal of conventional division into invasive and non-invasive thymoma. Pathol Int. 1994;44:359–67.
Ruffini E, Venuta F. Management of thymic tumors: a European perspective. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6:228–37.
Davenport E, Malthaner RA. The role of surgery in the management of thymoma: a systematic review. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:673e84.
Yang Zhao, Haiquan Chen, Jianxin Shi, Limin Fan, Dingzhong Hu and Heng Zhao. The correlation of morphological features of chest computed tomographic scans with clinical characteristics of thymoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;48:698–704.
Tomiyama N, Johkoh T, Mihara N, et al. Using the World Health Organization classification of thymic epithelial neoplasms to describe CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179(4):881e6.
Hayes SA, Huang J, Plodkowski AJ, Katzen J, Zheng J, Moskowitz CS, Ginsberg MS. Preoperative computed tomography findings predict surgical resectability of thymoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9:1023–30.
Singhal S, Shrager JB, Rosenthal DI, Livolsi VA, Kaiser LR. Comparison of stages I-II thymoma treated by complete resection with or without adjuvant radiation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:51635–42.
Chao Y, Liu YH, Hsieh MJ, Wu YC, Chen TP, Lu MS, Lu HI, Liu HP. Long-term outcomes after thoracoscopic resection of stage I and II thymoma: a propensity-matched study. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22:1371–6.
Maniscalco P, Tamburini N, Quarantotto F, Grossi W, Garelli E, Cavallesco G. Long-term outcome for early stage thymoma: comparison between thoracoscopic and open approaches. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;63:201–5.
Jurado J, Javidfar J, Newmark A, Lavelle M, Bacchetta M, Gorenstein L, D’Ovidio F, Ginsburg ME, Sonett JR. Minimally invasive thymectomy and open thymectomy: outcome analysis of 263 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94:974–82.
Pennathur A, Qureshi I, Schuchert MJ, Dhupar R, Ferson PF, Gooding WE, Christie NA, Gilbert S, Shende M, Awais O, Greenberger JS, Landreneau RJ, Luketich JD. Comparison of surgical techniques for early-stage thymoma: feasibility of minimally invasive thymectomy and comparison with open resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141:694–701.
Marulli G, Rea F, Melfi F, Schmid TA, Ismail M, Fanucchi O, Augustin F, Swierzy M, Di Chiara F, Mussi A, Rueckert JC. Robot-aided thoracoscopic thymectomy for early-stage thymoma: a multicenter European study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;144:1125–32.
Ye B, Li W, Ge X, Feng J, Ji CY, Cheng M, Tantai JC, Zhao H. Surgical treatment of early-stage thymomas: robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus transsternal thymectomy. Surg Endosc. 2014;28:122–6.
Tregliaa G, Sadeghib R, Giovanellaa L, Cafarotti S, Filosso P, Lococoe F. Is 18F-FDG PET useful in predicting the WHO grade of malignancy in thymic epithelial tumors? A meta-analysis. Lung Cancer. 2014;86:5–13.
Korst RJ, Bezjak A, Blackmon S, Choi N, Fidias P, Liu G, Marx A, Wright C, Mock S, Rutledge JR, Keshavjee S. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced thymic tumors: a phase II, multi-institutional clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147:36–46.
Ruffini E, Detterbeck, Van Raemdonck D, Rocco G, Thomas P, Weder W, Brunelli A, Evangelista A, Venuta F. On behalf of the European Association of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) Thymic Working Group Tumours of the thymus: a cohort study of prognostic factors fromthe European Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;46:361–8.
Yagi K, Hirata T, Fukuse T, et al. Surgical treatment for invasive thymoma, especially when the superior vena cava is invaded. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61:521–4.
Murakawa T, Nakajima J, Kohno T, et al. Results from surgical treatment for thymoma: 43 years of experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;48:89–95.
Kondo K, Monden Y. Therapy for thymic epithelial tumors: a clinical study of 1,320 patients from Japan. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:878–84.
Hamaji M, Burt BM. Long-term outcomes of surgical and nonsurgical management of stage IV thymoma: a population-based analysis of 282 patients. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;27(1):1–3. doi:10.1053/j.semtcvs.2015.02.005.
Falkson CB, Bezjak A, Darling G, et al. The management of thymoma: a systematic review and practice guideline. J Thorac Oncol. 2009;4:911–9.
Thymomas and thymic carcinomas. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Version I.2015.
Okumura M, Shiono H, Inoue M, et al. Outcome of surgical treatment for recurrent thymic epithelial tumors with reference to world health organization histologic classification system. J Surg Oncol. 2007;95:40–4.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tanju, S., Erus, S., Dilege, S. (2016). Surgical Staging and Advanced Surgical Techniques in Thymic Cancers. In: Ozyigit, G., Selek, U., Topkan, E. (eds) Principles and Practice of Radiotherapy Techniques in Thoracic Malignancies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28761-4_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28761-4_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28759-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28761-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)