Abstract
In the last decades, problems linked to industrial material landfill disposal has become more and more relevant to society, with cost increases for environment and municipalities. Waste reutilization is attractive to reduce economical costs and potential pollution problems, and preserve natural raw resources. In this context, the promotion of recycling in concrete industry may represent a valid route for sustainable development, preventing natural resources consumption, valorizing recycled materials, and avoiding the landfill of huge amount of materials. Nowadays, there are, among others, two significant possibilities to reduce natural aggregates exploitation: the use of recycled concrete from construction and demolition waste (C&DWs) and the use of slag from metallurgical industrial production. Additionally the use of supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) can reduce the great environmental emissions due to cement use. In this chapter, a review about the most commonly used recycled aggregates is given, i.e. recycled aggregates from C&DW and from metallurgical slag, with a special focus about the available codes and normative which regulate their use in structural concrete.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
JRC-IES, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability (2011) Supporting environmentally sound decisions for construction and demolition (C&D) waste management. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
European Parliament, Council of the European Union (2008) Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain directives. Official Journal of the European Union
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2009) Estimating 2003 building-related construction and demolition materials amounts. Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery, EPA, US
Monier V, Hestin M, Trarieux M, Mimid S, Domrose L, van Acoleyen M, Hjerp P, Mudgal S (2011) Study on the management of construction and demolition waste in the EU. Contract 07.0307/2009/540863/SER/G2. Final report for the European Commission DG Environment
Kojo R, Lilja R (2011) Talonrakentamisen materiaalitehokkuuden edistäminen (Removing the barriers to material efficiency in house construction). Ympäristöministeriö, Finland
Silva R, de Brito J, Dhir R (2014) Properties and composition of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste suitable for concrete production. Constr Build Mater 65:201–217
Regione del Veneto (2014) Modalità operative per la gestione e l’utilizzo nel settore delle costruzioni di prodotti ottenuti dal recupero e di rifiuti. D.lgs. n. 152/2006 e s.m.i., Parte IV, Titolo I. BUR 69 del 15/09/2014, Venezia, Italy
Dahlbo H, Bachér J, Lähtinen K, Jouttijärvi T, Suoheimo P, Mattila T, Sironen S, Myllymaa T, Saramäki K (2015) Construction and demolition waste management—a holistic evaluation of environmental performance. J Clean Prod. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.073
Vázquez E (ed) (2013) Progress of recycling in the built environment, Final Report of the RILEM Technical Committee 217-PRE. Springer, Berlin
Meinander M, Mroueh UM, Bacher J, Laine-Ylijoki J, Wahlström M, Jermakka J, Teirasvuo N, Törn M, Laaksonen J, Heiskanen J, Kaila J, Vanhanen H, Dahlbo H, Saramäki K, Jouttijärvi T, Mattila T, Retkin R, Suoheimo P, Lähtinen K, Sironen S, Sorvari J, Myllymaa T, Havukainen J, Horttanainen M, Luoranen M (2012) Future development directions of waste recycling. Final report of NeReMa project. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/technology/2012/T60.pdf. Accessed 30 Aug 2015
Fatta D, Papadopoulos A, Avramikos E, Sgourou E, Moustakas K, Kourmoussis F, Mentzis A, Loizidou M (2003) Generation and management of construction and demolition waste in Greece—an existing challenge. Resour Conserv Recy 40:81–91
Mineral Product Association MPA (2013) Cement fact sheet 6: use of recycled aggregates in concrete. London
Gary Ong KC, Akbarnezhad A (2015) Microwave-assisted concrete technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Bergsdal H, Bohne RA, Brattebø H (2008) Projection of construction and demolition waste in Norway. J Ind Ecol 11:27–39
Cochran K, Townsend T, Reinhart D, Heck H (2007) Estimation of regional building-related C&D debris generation and composition: case study of Florida, US. Waste Manage 27:921–931
Ding T, Xiao J (2014) Estimation of building-related construction and demolition waste in Shanghai. Waste Manage 34:2327–2334
Eurostat (2010) Waste generation by economic activity and households
RodrÃguez G, Medina C, Alegre FJ, Asensio E, Sánchez de Rojas MI (2015) Assessment of construction and demolition waste plant management in Spain: in pursuit of sustainability and eco-efficiency. J Clean Prod 90:16–24
Blengini GA, Garbarino E (2010) Resources and waste management in Turin (Italy): the role of recycled aggregates in the sustainable supply mix. J Clean Prod 18:1021–1030
Comité Européen de Normalisation (2008a) EN 13242:2008 aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials for use in civil engineering work and road construction. Bruxells, Belgium
Comité Européen de Normalisation (2002) EN 13043:2002—Aggregates for bituminous mixtures and surface treatments for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas. Bruxells, Belgium
Comité Européen de Normalisation (2010) EN 13285:2010—unbound mixtures—specifications. Bruxells, Belgium
Comité Européen de Normalisation (2013a) EN 14227 serie—hydraulically bound misture. Bruxells, Belgium
Comité Européen de Normalisation (2009) EN 933-11:2009—tests for geometrical properties of aggregates—part 11: classification test for the constituents of coarse recycled aggregate. Bruxells, Belgium
Comité Européen de Normalisation (2006) EN 1744-6:2006—tests for chemical properties of aggregates—part 6: determination of the influence of recycled aggregate extract on the initial setting time of cement. Bruxells, Belgium
Organisme impartial de Contrôle de Produits pour la Construction COPRO (2012) PTV 406 technical prescription recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste. Zellik, Belgium
Deutschen Instituts für Normung (2002) DIN 4226-100:2002-02. Aggregates for concrete and mortar—part 100: recycled aggregates, Germany
Deutscher ausschuss für elsenbeton DAfStb (1998) Code: concrete with recycled aggregates, Germany
Comité Européen de Normalisation (2013b) EN 206-1:2013. Concrete—specification, performance, production and conformity. Bruxells, Belgium
Deutschen Instituts für Normung (2008) DIN 1045-2:2008-08. Concrete, reinforced and prestressed concrete structures—part 2: Concrete—specification, properties, production and conformity—application rules for DIN EN 206-1. Germany
British Standards Institution BSI (2015) BS 8500-2:2015. Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206. Specification for constituent materials and concrete, UK
Italian Ministry of Infrastructures (2008) DM 14/01/2008 Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni (Technical Standards for Construction), NTC 2008, Italy
Comité Européen de Normalisation (2008b) EN 12620:2008. Aggregates for concrete. Bruxells, Belgium
Ente Italiano di Normazione UNI (2005) UNI 8520-1. Aggregati per calcestruzzo—Istruzioni complementari per l’applicazione della EN 12620—Parte 1: Designazione e criteri di conformità . Italy
Ente Italiano di Normazione UNI (2005) UNI 8520-2. Aggregati per calcestruzzo—Istruzioni complementari per l’applicazione della EN 12620—Parte 2: Requisiti, Italy (in Italian)
Japanese Industrial Standard JIS (2005) JIS A 5021:2005. Recycled aggregate for concrete-class H, Japan
Japanese Industrial Standard JIS (2011) JIS A 5021:2011. Recycled aggregate for concrete-class H. Japan
Japanese Industrial Standard JIS (2012a) JIS A 5022:2012. Recycled concrete using recycled aggregate Class M. Japan
Japanese Industrial Standard JIS (2012b) JIS A 5023:2012. Recycled concrete using recycled aggregate Class L. Japan
Nederlands Normalisatie-instuut (2010) NEN 5905: 2010. Dutch supplement to NEN-EN 12620+A1 Aggregates for concrete. Delft, Nederlands
Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil LNEC (2009a) LNEC E 471: 2009. Guide for the use of recycled aggregates in concrete. Lisboa, Portugal
Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil LNEC (2009b) LNEC E 472: 2009. Guide for the production of recycled hot mix asphalt. Lisboa, Portugal
Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil LNEC (2009c) LNEC E 473: 2009. Guide for the use of recycled aggregates in unbound pavement layers. Lisboa, Portugal
Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil LNEC (2009c) LNEC E 474: 2009. Guide for the use of recycled materials coming from construction and demolition waste in embankment and capping layer of transport infrastructures. Lisboa, Portugal
Ministerio de Fomento (2011) EHE-08: 2011. Comisión Permanente Del Hormigón: Instrucción de Hormigón Estructural, Madrid, Spain (in Spanish)
ASTM International (2013) ASTM C33/C33Â M. Standard specification for concrete aggregates. West Conshohocken, PA, US
ASTM International (2014) ASTM C125-14. Standard terminology relating to concrete and concrete aggregates. West Conshohocken, PA, US
Kou S, Poon CS, Etxeberria M (2011) Influence of recycled aggregates on long term mechanical properties and pore size distribution of concrete. Cem Concr Comp 33:286–291
Kou S, Poon CS, Agrela F (2011) Comparisons of natural and recycled aggregate concretes prepared with the addition of different mineral admixtures. Cem Concr Comp 33:788–795
Schubert S, Hoffmann C, Leemann A, Moser K, Motavalli M (2012) Recycled aggregate concrete: experimental shear resistance of slabs without shear reinforcement. Eng Struct 41:490–497
Fathifazl G, Abbas A, Razaqpur AG, Isgor OB, Fournier B, Foo S (2009) New mixture proportioning method for concrete made with coarse recycled concrete aggregate. J Mater Civ Eng: 601–611
Abbas A, Fathifazl G, Isgor OB, Razaqpur AG, Fournier B, Foo S (2009) Durability of recycled aggregate concrete designed with equivalent mortar volume method. Cem Concr Comp 31:555–563
Vázquez E, Barra M, Aponte D, Jiménez C, Valls S (2013) Improvement of the durability of concrete with recycled aggregates in chloride exposed environment. Constr Build Mater 67:61–67
Lima C, Caggiano A, Faella C, Martinelli E, Pepe M, Realfonzo R (2013) Physical properties and mechanical behaviour of concrete made with recycled aggregates and fly ash. Constr Build Mater 47:547–559
Barbudo A, de Brito J, Evangelista L, Bravo M, Agrela F (2013) Influence of water reducing admixtures on the mechanical performance of recycled concrete. J Clean Prod 59:93–98
Ferreira L, de Brito J, Barra M (2012) Influence of the pre-saturation of recycled coarse concrete aggregates on concrete properties. Mag Concr Res 63:617–627
Pepe M, Toledo Filho RD, Koenders EAB, Martinelli E (2014) Alternative processing procedures for recycled aggregates in structural concrete. Constr Build Mater 69:124–132
Poon CS, Shui Z, Lam L (2004) Effect of microstructure of ITZ on compressive strength of concrete prepared with recycled aggregates. Constr Build Mater 18:461–468
Li WX, Zhang X, Liu X (2009) Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Study of the impact of factors. Chin Concr J 10:60–63
Xiao J, Li J, Zhang C (2005) Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial loading. Cem Concr Res 35:1187–1194
Etxeberria M, Vázquez E, Marà A, Barra M (2007) Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cem Concr Res 37:735–742
Limbachiya MC, Leelawat T, Dhir RK (2000) Use of recycled concrete aggregate in high-strength concrete. Mater Struct 33:574–580
Ajdukiewicz A, Kliszczewicz A (2002) Influence of recycled aggregates on mechanical properties of HS/HPC. Cem Concr Compos 24:269–279
Otsuki N, Miyazato SI, Yodsudjai W (2003) Influence of recycled aggregate on interfacial transition zone, strength, chloride penetration and carbonation of concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 15:443–451
Tovar-RodrÃguez G, Barra M, Pialarissi S, Aponte D, Vázquez E (2013) Expansion of mortars with gypsum contaminated fine recycled aggregates. Constr Build Mater 38:1211–1220
Sato R, Maruyama I, Sogabe T, Sogo M (2007) Flexural behavior of reinforced recycled concrete beams. J Adv Concr Technol 5:43–61
Ajdukiewicz A, Kliszczewicz A (2007) Comparative tests of beams and columns made of recycled aggregate concrete and natural aggregate concrete. J Adv Concr Technol 5:259–273
Fathifazl G, Razaqpur AG, Isgor OB, Abbas A, Fournier B, Foo S (2009) Flexural performance of steel-reinforced recycled concrete beams. ACI Struct J 106:858–867
Choi HB, Yi CK, Cho HH, Kang KI (2010) Experimental study on the shear strength of recycled aggregate concrete beams. Mag Concr Res 62:103–114
Fathifazl G, Razaqpur AG, Isgor OB, Abbas A, Fournier B, Foo S (2009) Shear strength of reinforced recycled concrete beams without stirrups. Mag Concr Res 61:477–490
Corinaldesi V, Letelier V, Moriconi G (2011) Behaviour of beam–column joints made of recycled-aggregate concrete under cyclic loading. Constr Build Mater 25:1877–1882
European Slag Association, European Steel Association (2012) Euroslag and Eurofer. Position Paper on the Status of Ferrous Slag. Duisburg, Germany
Luxà n MP, Sotolongo R, Dorrego F, Herrero E (2000) Characteristics of the slags produced in the fusion of scrap steel by electric arc furnace. Cem Conc Res 30:517–519
Al-Negheimish AI, Al-Sugair FH, Al-Zaid RZ (1997) Utilization of local steel making slag in concrete. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci 9:39–55
Anastasiou F, Papayianni I (2006) Criteria for the use of steel slag aggregates in concrete. In: Konsta-Gdoutos MS (ed) Measuring, monitoring and modeling concrete properties. Springer, The Netherlands, pp 419–426
Papayianni I, Anastasiou E (2010) Production of high-strength concrete using high volume of industrial by-products. Constr Build Mater 24:1412–1417
Manso JM, Gonzalez JJ, Polanco JA (2004) Electric arc furnace slag in concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 16:639–645
Xue Y, Wu S, Hou H, Zha J (2006) Experimental investigation of basic oxygen furnace slag used as aggregate in asphalt mixture. J Hazard Mater 138:261–268
Ahmedzade P, Sengoz B (2009) Evaluation of steel slag coarse aggregate in hot mix asphalt concrete. J Hazard Mater 166:300–305
Pellegrino C, Gaddo V (2009) Mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete containing EAF slag as aggregate. Cem Concr Comp 31:663–671
Pellegrino C, Cavagnis P, Faleschini F, Brunelli K (2013) Properties of concretes with black/oxidizing electric arc furnace slag aggregate. Cem Concr Comp 37:232–240
Manso JM, Polanco JA, Losanez M, Gonzalez JJ (2006) Durability of concrete made with EAF slag as aggregate. Cem Concr Comp 28:528–534
Maslehuddin M, Sharif AM, Shameem M, Ibrahim M, Barry MS (2003) Comparison of properties of steel slag and crushed limestone aggregate concretes. Constr Build Mater 17:105–112
Tossavainen M, Engstrom F, Yang Q, Menad N, Larsson ML, Bjorkman B (2007) Characteristics of steel slag under different cooling conditions. Waste Manage 27(7):1335–1344
Daugherty KE, Saad B, Weirich C, Eberendu A (1983) The glass content of slag and hydraulic activity. Silic Ind 4:107–110
Engström F, Björkman B, Samuelsson C (2009) Mineralogical influence of different cooling conditions on leaching behaviour of steelmaking slags. Paper presented at the 1st International Slag Valorisation Symposium, Leuven, 6-7/4/2009
Shi C, Qian J (2000) High performance cementing materials from industrial slag—a review. Resour Conserv Recy 29:195–207
Tsakiridis PE, Papadimitriou GD, Tsivilis S, Koroneos C (2008) Utilization of steel slag for Portland cement clinker production. J Hazard Mater 152:805–811
Qasrawi H, Shalabi F, Asi I (2009) Use of low CaO unprocessed steel slag in concrete as fine aggregate. Constr Build Mater 9:1118–1125
Pellegrino C, Faleschini F (2013) Experimental behavior of reinforced concrete beams with electric arc furnace slag as recycled aggregate. ACI Mater J 110:197–206
Faleschini F, Fernández-RuÃz MA, Zanini MA, Brunelli K, Pellegrino C, Hernández-Montes E (2015) High performance concrete with electric arc furnace slag as aggregate: mechanical and durability properties. Constr Build Mater 101:113–121
Bouzoubaâ N, Zhang MH, Malhotra VM, Golden DM (1996) Blended fly ash cements—a review. ACI Mater J 96:641–650
Siddique R, Khatib JM (2010) Abrasion resistance and mechanical properties of high-volume fly ash concrete. Mater Struct 42:709–718
Papadakis VG, Tsimas S (2002) Supplementary cementing materials in concrete. Part I: efficiency and design. Cem Concr Res 32:1525–1532
Papadakis VG, Antiohos S, Tsimas S (2002) Supplementary cementing materials in concrete. Part II: a fundamental estimation of the efficiency factor. Cem Concr Res 32:1533–1538
Aponte DF, Barra M, Và zquez E (2012) Durability and cementing efficiency of fly ash in concrete. Constr Build Mater 30:537–546
Bentz DP, Garboczi EJ (1991) Simulation studies of the effects of mineral admixtures on the cement paste-aggregate interfacial zone. ACI Mater J 88:518–529
Aughenbaugh KL, Chancey RT, Stutzman P, Juenger MC, Fowler DW (2013) An examination of the reactivity of fly ash in cementitious pore solutions. Mater Struct 46:869–880
Ranganath RV, Bhattacharjee B, Krishnsmoorthy S (1998) Influence of size fraction of ponded ash on its pozzolanic activity. Cem Concr Res 28:749–761
Siddique R, Aggarwal P, Aggarwal Y (2012) Influence of water/powder ratio on strength properties of self-compacting concrete containing coal fly ash and bottom ash. Constr Build Mater 29:73–81
Eren O (2002) Strength development of concretes with ordinary Portland cement, slag or fly ash cured at different temperatures. Mater Struct 235:536–540
ASTM International (2008) ASTM C618-08a. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. West Conshohocken, PA, US
Comité Européen de Normalisation (2012) EN 450-1: 2012. Fly ash for concrete—part 1: definition, specifications and conformity criteria. Bruxells, Belgium
de Brito J, Saikia N (2013) Recycled aggregate in concrete. Green energy and technology. Springer-Verlag, London
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pellegrino, C., Faleschini, F. (2016). Recycled Aggregates for Concrete Production: State-of-the-Art. In: Sustainability Improvements in the Concrete Industry. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28540-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28540-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28538-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28540-5
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)