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Incarcerated Women: Their Situation, Their Needs and Measures for Sustainable Reintegration

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Women and Children as Victims and Offenders: Background, Prevention, Reintegration

Abstract

This contribution centers on incarcerated women offenders worldwide, their lived experiences, specific problems and needs, as well as correctional programming intended to help them reintegrate back into society. The chapter provides a theoretical understanding of the general marginalization of women in almost every modern society and an overview of theories that have been developed to explain why women commit offenses. Next, statistical information is provided concerning the prevalence of women prisoners in various parts of the world and the ways in which policy changes in the war on drugs and mandatory sentencing have impacted women’s incarceration rates. The chapter then explores the gender-specific differences in women’s pathways to prison and their distinct problems and needs, including the detrimental effects of mothers’ incarceration on children. It concludes with promising approaches from different countries.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This is exactly the starting point for the German project TAKT, which is named from the connotation with tact or tactfulness. Central to this project, social workers assist relatives of male and female prisoners and their family members in finding a variety of services, support and advocacy. The project has developed material to be used for educative purpose in schools and institutions of child and youth welfare, as well as for all persons with close contact to families where a parent is or has been incarcerated. Furthermore it has implemented a network approach, focusing on sensitizing police officers and professionals working in the youth welfare service, in schools and kindergartens for questions related to incarcerated parents. (https://www.treffpunkt-nbg.de/projekte/takt.html accessed 18.7.2014).

  2. 2.

    In some Italian provinces, the project Spazio Giallo (yellow room) of the child lobby organization “Bambinisenzasbarre” supports children visiting an incarcerated parent. The organization found that in Italy about 100,000 children are visiting their parents every year, sometimes suffering from traumatic experiences as a consequence of the emotional impact of these visit (See Sacerdote 2014).

  3. 3.

    There is a dearth in the literature examining prison art programs; although many examples abound, few programs have been empirically researched.

  4. 4.

    In therapeutic circles, the term “survivor” is commonly used to replace the term “victim.” Whereas the former term centers on empowerment by acknowledging survival of past serious victimizations, the latter often has a connotation with weakness or being a loser. The term “survivor” is regularly used in feminist literature (See, among others, Chesney-Lind 1989).

  5. 5.

    Although the passage focuses on one prison’s model, there are similar programs in five other German prisons.

  6. 6.

    Bianchi (1994), in his work on sanctuaries, has shown that the prison for offenders is a relatively new institution and that historic societies were able to handle serious crime in a way we would now call restorative.

  7. 7.

    The term “life world actors” has been derived from Husserl’s (1977) notion of the life world or “Lebenswelt,” further developed by Schütz and Luckmann (1979). The concept of life world gives people the autonomy to act using a common sense base, following subjective convictions or traditional customs, whereas the system concept (see Habermas 1981) is organized by a different logic of rationality. Thus, “life world actors” denotes ordinary people, not professionals or experts in the criminal justice system.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA

    Dawn Beichner

  2. Kiel University of Applied Sciences, Kiel, Germany

    Otmar Hagemann

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  1. Dawn Beichner
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  2. Otmar Hagemann
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Correspondence to Dawn Beichner .

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    Helmut Kury

  2. Faculty of Law, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Sławomir Redo

  3. Zürich, Switzerland

    Evelyn Shea

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Beichner, D., Hagemann, O. (2016). Incarcerated Women: Their Situation, Their Needs and Measures for Sustainable Reintegration. In: Kury, H., Redo, S., Shea, E. (eds) Women and Children as Victims and Offenders: Background, Prevention, Reintegration. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28424-8_4

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