Abstract
Hemobilia is a rare but potentially life-threatening cause of upper gastrointestinal bleed. Most common causes include iatrogenic injury and trauma with pseudoaneurysm the most common anomaly identified. Therapeutic options include surgery, arterial embolization, or biliary stenting. Based on the etiology of hemobilia, endoscopic or percutaneous biliary covered stenting can be considered to tamponade the source of hemorrhage. However, in the majority of cases, angiography is required to identify and, ultimately, treat the source of bleeding with arterial embolization. Both arterial embolization and biliary stenting are effective, relatively safe, and cost efficient approaches to treatment of hemobilia which can be used based on the etiology of hemorrhage.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Glisson F. Anatomia hepatis. London: O. Pullein; 1654.
Green MH, Duell RM, Johnson CD, Jamieson NV. Haemobilia. Br J Surg. 2001;88:773–86.
Blumenthal DS. Ascariasis. Cecil textbook of medicine. 18th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1988.
Koshy A, Khuroo MS, Suri S, Datta DV, Khanna SK. Amoebic liver abscess with hemobilia. Am J Surg. 1979;138:453–5.
Adam R, Fabiani B, Bismuth H. Hematobilia resulting from heterotopic stomach in the gallbladder neck. Surgery. 1989;105:564–9.
Yoshida J, Donahue PE, Nyhus LM. Hemobilia: review of recent experience with a worldwide problem. Am J Gastroenterol. 1987;82:448–53.
Pongchairerks P. Ultrasound-guided liver biopsy: accuracy, safety and sonographic findings. J Med Assoc Thai. 1993;76:597–600.
Piccinino F, Sagnelli E, Pasquale G, Giusti G. Complications following percutaneous liver biopsy. A multicenter retrospective study on 68276 biopsies. J Hepatol. 1986;2:165–73.
Monden M, Okamura J, Kobayashi N, et al. Hemobilia after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Arch Surg. 1980;115:161–4.
Fidelman N, Bloom AI, Kerlan RK, et al. Hepatic arterial injuries after percutaneous biliary interventions in the era of laparoscopic surgery and liver transplantation: experience with 930 patients. Radiology. 2008;247:880–6.
Rivera-Sanfeliz GM, Assar OS, Laberge JM, et al. Incidence of important hemobilia following transhepatic biliary drainage: left-sided versus right-sided approaches. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2004;27:137–9.
Muhldorfer SM, Kekos G, Hahn EG, et al. Complications of therapeutic gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy. 1992;24:276–83.
Masci E, Toti G, Mariani A, et al. Complications of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:417–23.
Ferreira L, Baron TH. Post-sphincterotomy bleeding: who, what, when, and how. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2850–8.
Wilcox CM, Canakis J, Monkemuller KE, et al. Patterns of bleeding after endoscopic sphincterotomy, the subsequent risk of bleeding, and the role of epinephrine injection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:244–8.
Quinke H. Ein fall von aneurysma der leberarterie. Klin Wochenschr. 1871;8:349–51.
Chin MW, Enns R. Hemobilia. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2010;12:121–9.
Nicholson T, Travis S, Ettles D, et al. Hepatic artery angiography and embolization for hemobilia following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1999;22:20–4.
Marynissen T, Maleux G, Heye S, et al. Trancatheter arterial embolization for iatrogenic hemobilia is a safe and effective procedure: case series and review of the literature. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24:905–9.
Moodley J, Singh B, Lalloo S, et al. Non-operative management of haemobilia. Br J Surg. 2001;88:1073–6.
Srivastava DN, Sharma S, Pal S, et al. Transcatheter arterial embolization in the management of hemobilia. Abom Imaging. 2006;31:439–48.
Murugesan SD, Sathyanesan J, Lakshmanan A, et al. Massive hemobilia: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. World J Surg. 2014;38:1755–62.
Cao H, Liu J, Li T, et al. Interventional therapy for the treatment of severe hemobilia after percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage: a case series. Int Surg. 2013;98:223–8.
Itoi T, Yasuda I, Doi S, et al. Endoscopic hemostasis using covered metallic stent placement for uncontrolled post-endoscopic sphincterotomy bleeding. Endoscopy. 2011;43:369–72.
Valats JC, Funakoshi N, Bauret P, et al. Covered self-expandable biliary stents for the treatment of bleeding after ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;78(1):183–7.
Shah JN, Marson F, Binmoeller KF. Temporary self-expandable metal stent placement for treatment of post-sphincterotomy bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;72(6):1274–8.
Aslinia F, Hawkins L, Darwin P, et al. Temporary placement of a fully covered metal stent to tamponade bleeding from endoscopic papillary balloon dilation. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76(4):911–3.
Kawaguchi Y, Ogawa M, Maruno A, et al. A case of successful placement of a fully covered metallic stent for hemobilia secondary to hepatocellular carcinoma with bile duct invasion. Case Rep Oncol. 2012;5:682–6.
Layec S, D’Halluin PN, Pagenault M, et al. Massive hemobilia during extraction of a covered self-expandable metal stent in a patient with portal hypertensive biliopathy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70(3):555–6.
Song JY, Moon JH, Choi HJ, et al. Massive hemobilia following transpapillary bile duct biopsy treated by using a covered self-expandable metal stent. Endoscopy. 2014;46:E161–2.
Bagla P, Erim T, Berzin TM, et al. Massive hemobilia during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a patient with cholangiocarcinoma: a case report. Endoscopy. 2012;44:E1.
Goenka MK, Harwani Y, Rai V. Fully covered self-expandable metal biliary stent for hemobilia caused by portal biliopathy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;80:1175.
Rerknimitr R, Kongkam P, Kullavanijaya P. Treatment of tumor associated hemobilia with a partially covered metallic stent. Endoscopy. 2007;39:E225.
Lorenz JM, Zangan SM, Leef JA, et al. Iatrogenic portobiliary fistula treated by stent-graft placement. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33:421–4.
Peynircioglu B, Cwikiel W. Utility of stent-grafts in the treatment of porto-biliary fistula. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2006;29(6):1156–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Patel, M.V., Lorenz, J.M. (2016). Management of Significant Hemobilia: Hepatic Artery Embolization or Stenting?. In: Millis, J., Matthews, J. (eds) Difficult Decisions in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery. Difficult Decisions in Surgery: An Evidence-Based Approach. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27365-5_30
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27365-5_30
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-27363-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-27365-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)