Abstract
This chapter concentrates on approaches to environmental management and urban planning that have become skewed over time in order to resolve the African ‘environmental crisis’ in the name of sustainable development and/or poverty reduction. Such approaches have been brought to the fore by the global debate on Climate Change. The extent of the environmental transformations currently underway in Dar es Salaam and sub-Saharan Africa more generally are discussed, as well as the manner in which the two global strategies of mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change orient urban development policy and planning at the local and global level. The adaptation strategy emerges as crucial to planning processes in African cities, prompting a reconsideration of the impact of strategies that emphasize ‘securitization’ of the city as opposed to acceleration of the rural–urban transition in order to reduce social vulnerability. Such strategies raise questions that are not new to the planning debate, and draw attention to the role that people must play therein.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
At the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, 2002, the U.S. Secretary of State at the time, Colin Powell, defined sustainable development as “a new approach to global development, designed to unleash the entrepreneurial power of the poor” with “good governance, sound institutions, economic reform, transparency in your system, the end of corruption, responsible leadership, responsible political activity, and […] decision-making based on sound science” (Powell 2002: 6–7, cited in Myers 2005).
- 2.
SUD-NET is an initiative supported by UN-HABITAT to promote sustainable urban development. It works at the local level to strengthen the capacity of national governments, local authorities and communities. SUD-Net is currently active in the Cities and Climate Change Initiative (CCCI) and Habitat Partner Universities (HPU) http://mirror.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=570&cid=5990.
- 3.
The Sustainable City Programme is a joint UN-Habitat/UNEP facility, established in the early 1990s to build capacities in urban environmental planning and management. Local Agenda 21 (LA21) aimed to support local authorities in achieving more sustainable development by implementing an Environmental Planning and Management process.
- 4.
Some critics (Hajer 1996; Lafferty 2001; Myllyla/Kuvajab 2005, cited in Allen 2010) have defined ecological modernization, irrespective of issues of environmental injustice and inequality, as an adaptation effort by capitalism, intended to mitigate environmental impacts through modern means of production, in which the emphasis on technological change and management pursues efficiency within a market system. From this perspective, the problems caused and identified by the North should be resolved everywhere, even in the South, through the export of innovations produced in the North.
- 5.
These assumptions have led to the development of approaches that are centred on themes such as the city-region and the urban bioregion.
- 6.
The Conference of Parties (COP) is the highest decision-making authority of the UNFCCC, and all countries that adhere to the Framework Convention are members thereof. The COP is responsible for international efforts to address climate change, for examining the application of the Convention and the engagement of the Parties in light of Convention objectives, new scientific knowledge and acquired experience in implementation of climate policies. The COP meets only once per year. The work of the COP is supported by two subsidiary organs: the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI).
- 7.
Conference of the Parties acting as a Meeting of the Parties for the Kyoto Protocol.
- 8.
Nairobi Work Programme (NWP) was established in Nairobi at COP 12 in 2006.
- 9.
Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF) was developed in Cancun at COP 16 in 2010.
- 10.
Article 4.9 of the UNFCCC recognizes the unique situations of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and asserts “The Parties shall take full account of the specific needs and special situations of the Least Developed Countries in their actions with regard to funding and transfer of technology”.
- 11.
Based on the provisions of the UNFCCC, the GEF manages three funds: the GEF Trust Fund, the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) and the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF). Further financing opportunities for adaptation projects in LDCs include the Adaptation Fund provided in the Kyoto Protocol, funds deriving from Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and multilateral or bilateral funds from governments, organizations and national or international agencies. The GEF Trust Fund and its Strategic Priority for Adaptation (SPA) supports pilot projects and demonstrative activities that address adaptation while also generating environmental benefits. The purpose of the COP in terms of the GEF’s support for adaptation identifies three phases. The first phase provides support to the national communication process, which includes assessment of vulnerability and adaptation. The second phase provides further assistance for other adaptive capacity building actions. The third phase concerns support for adaptation activities, including insurance.
- 12.
In order to address the most urgent issues, the UNFCCC established that LDCs should develop NAPAs that, recognizing current adaptive strategies at the local level, identify priority adaptation activities that can be implemented with the support of the LDC Fund.
- 13.
The work of the IPCC is divided between three Working Groups, a Task Force and a Task Group. The activities that each Working Group and the Task Force undertake are coordinated and administered by Technical Support Units. The IPCC Working Group II (WG II) assesses the vulnerability to climate change of socio-economic and natural systems, the negative and positive consequences of climate change and adaptation options. It also considers the correlation between vulnerability, adaptation and sustainable development. The assessment of information is conducted according to sector (water resources, ecosystems, food and forests, coastal systems, industry, and human health) and regions (Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, Europe, Latin America, North America, polar regions, and small islands).
- 14.
See http://sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/worldmapper/posters/worldmapper_map295_ver5.pdf Map of CO2 emissions (Source: SASI Group, University of Sheffield; Mark Newman, University of Michigan, 2006 (updated in 2008), www.worldmapper.org. Source of data: Gregg Marland, Tom Boden and Bob Andres, Oak Ridge National Laboratory).
- 15.
Such services include flood control, water provisioning, drainage, management of solid, liquid and hazardous waste, energy, transportation, other urban development work, residential areas, commercial and industrial activities, and recreational areas (Kirshern et al. 2007, cited in Romero-Lankao 2008).
- 16.
A modified concept with respect to the interpretation of the 1948 plan defined larger communities of about 40,000 inhabitants, which contained a secondary school, a large central market and small-scale industrial activities.
- 17.
This favoured, however, the production of informal areas with critical living and environmental conditions, which led for example to the obstruction of the valleys of certain waterways, changing the natural drainage conditions and contributing to flooding and the creation of health risks.
- 18.
The consortium is comprised of four organizations: the Italian Dodi Moss LLC, Buro Happold Ltd out of London, as well as Q Consult Ltd. and Afri-Arch Associates, both of which specialize in local practices. These companies represent a team of international experts that have worked in similar roles throughout the world, from Africa to Europe, America, and Asia.
- 19.
The following phases are planned: (1) Background analysis; (2) Analysis of the context (Dar es Salaam in the local, national, regional and international context); (3) limits and opportunities; (4) Planning philosophy; (5) The strategic planning process; (6) Strategy/approach to sustainability; (7) Working in partnership with stakeholders; (8) practicable financial projects and programs—public-private partnership; and (9) Work plan: capacity building for good implementation of the Master Plan. The communication process is understood as a work in progress, open and directed at suggesting and receiving contributions in order to define “the vision and objectives of Dar es Salaam as a new African metropolis” (Dodi 2011).
- 20.
The Sustainable Cities Programme is a UN-Habitat/UNEP program initiated in the early 1990s to support the planning process in cities and to help them achieve more sustainable growth in terms of environment and development. It is based on a broad process of participatory decision-making in the urban sphere, and promotes the sustainability of cities through a strategy of Environmental Planning Management (EPM).
- 21.
Community Infrastructure Programme (CIP) and Community Infrastructure Upgrading Programme (CIUP).
- 22.
Another goal of the plan was to contribute to achieving the development objectives contained in a series of national policy documents (such as the National Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy—MKUKUTA, the National Vision 2025, the National Housing Policy and the National Human Settlements Development Policy) and international policy documents (the Habitat Agenda and the Millennium Declaration, particularly as regards MDG 7, Target 7°: water, sanitation and slum upgrading).
- 23.
A formalization program for economic activities and the use and occupation of land is also present in Tanzania (MKURABITA), which is oriented to defining the areas to formalize, informing and educating citizens and city leaders in order to promote the process, defining regularization schemes that must be approved by governing authorities, and surveying and registering lots for the concession of occupation certificates. This process is not favoured by those who continue to buy, sell, and use land in an informal way (see Chapter 4).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ricci, L. (2016). Environmental Management and Urbanization: Dar es Salaam as an Illustrative Case. In: Reinterpreting Sub-Saharan Cities through the Concept of Adaptive Capacity. SpringerBriefs in Environment, Security, Development and Peace, vol 26. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27126-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27126-2_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-27124-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-27126-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)