Abstract
It has been a longstanding goal of many research groups to replicate human olfactory sense with instruments. Sensor technology aims not only to replace the traditional analytic methods that are mostly focused on individual chemical identification and quantitation, but also to predict the human perceptions of smell, odor recognition and odor hedonics, thus replacing human sensory evaluation. Sensors have progressed from early gas sensors, to e-noses and e-tongues to biosensors and bio-e-noses that utilize elements from natural signal transduction to gain better sensitivity and selectivity. There has recently been a rapid increase in research and development of advanced sensor technologies and enabling technologies such as nanotechnology, cellular biology, wireless communication, and neural computing methods that have helped overcome the sensitivity, selectivity, portability and recognition problems of early sensor systems. Much of this development comes in response to global bioterrorism and other security threats. The activities in the various areas enabled by machine olfaction are poised to impact many industries not only as potential enablers of competitive advantage, but also through international standards development and enforcement. However, while machine olfaction instruments and sensors systems have been under development for more than 30 years, they still cannot completely replace the human senses for sensitivity, selectivity, and speed. While complete replacement of human sensory perception is not yet possible, certain sensor arrays provide fast, cheap, portable, networkable, low-expertise alternatives in some applications where simple detection is required. Nevertheless, current machine olfaction devices can provide a low-sample preparation approach that significantly reduces the amount of human sensory and advanced chemical testing needed.
Keywords
- Machine Olfaction
- Neural Computing Methods
- VOC Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs)
- Human Sensory Testing
- Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Electrospray Ionization
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Abbreviations
- APCI:
-
atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
- APLI:
-
atmospheric pressure laser ionization
- CANN:
-
cortical-based artificial neural network
- DESI:
-
desorption electrospray ionization
- e-nose:
-
electronic nose
- EESI:
-
extractive electrospray ionization
- ELDI:
-
electrospray-assisted laser desorption
- FT:
-
Fourier transform
- GC:
-
gas chromatography
- HS:
-
headspace
- IMS:
-
ion mobility spectrometry
- IR:
-
infrared
- KSOM:
-
Kohonen self-organizing map
- LAB:
-
lactic acid bacteria
- LAESI:
-
laser-assisted electrospray ionization
- MALDI-ESI:
-
matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization
- MAP:
-
modified atmosphere packaging
- MOSFET:
-
metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors
- MS:
-
mass spectrometry
- NMR:
-
nuclear magnetic resonance
- OBP:
-
odor binding protein
- ORN:
-
olfactory receptor neuron
- OR:
-
olfactory receptor
- ORP:
-
olfactory receptor protein
- PIB:
-
polyisobutylene
- PMMA:
-
polymethylmethacrylate
- PTR:
-
proton transfer reaction
- PUFA:
-
polyunsaturated fatty acid
- QC:
-
quality control
- SIFT:
-
selected ion flow tube
- SPME:
-
solid phase micro extraction
- VOC:
-
volatile organic compound
- VUV-SPI:
-
vacuum ultraviolet single-photon ionization
References
S. Sankaran, L.R. Khot, S. Panigrahi: Biology and applications of olfactory sensing system: A review, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 171(172), 1–17 (2012)
P.N. Bartlett, J.M. Elliott, J.W. Gardner: Applications of, and developments in, machine olfaction, Annali di Chimica 87(1/2), 33–44 (1997)
M.G. Madsen, R.D. Grypa: Spices, flavor systems, the electronic nose, Food Technol. 54(3), 44–46 (2000)
E.H. Oh, H.S. Song, T.H. Park: Recent advances in electronic and bioelectronic noses and their biomedical applications, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 48(6/7), 427–437 (2011)
S. Bazzo, F. Loubet, T.T. Tan: Quality control of edible oil using and electronic nose, Semin. Food Anal. 3, 15–25 (1988)
P. Bandyopadhyay, M.T. Joseph: Quantification of in vitro malodor generation by anionic surfactant-induced fluorescent sensor property of tryptophan, Anal. Biochem. 397(1), 89–95 (2010)
N. Alagirisamy, S.S. Hardas, S. Jayaraman: Novel colorimetric sensor for oral malodour, Anal. Chim. Acta 661(1), 97–102 (2010)
L.B. Fay, I. Horman: Analytical chemistry in industrial food research, Chimia 51(10), 714–716 (1997)
F. Fenaille, P. Visani, R. Fumeaux, C. Milo, P.A. Guy: Comparison of mass spectrometry-based electronic nose and solid phase microextraction gas chromatography – mass spectrometry technique to assess infant formula oxidation, J. Agric. Food Chem. 51(9), 2790–2796 (2003)
R. Dorfner, T. Ferge, C. Yeretzian, A. Kettrup, R. Zimmermann: Laser mass spectrometry as on-line sensor for industrial process analysis: Process control of coffee roasting, Anal. Chem. 76(5), 1386–1402 (2004)
C. Yeretzian, A. Jordan, H. Brevard, W. Lindinger: Time-resolved headspace analysis by proton-transfer-reaction mass-spectrometry. In: Flavour Release, ACS Symp., Vol. 763, ed. by D.D. Roberts, A.J. Taylor (American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 2000) pp. 58–72
P.A. Guy, F. Fenaille: Contribution of mass spectrometry to assess quality of milk-based products, Mass Spectrom. Rev. 25(2), 290–326 (2006)
R. Mohamed, P.A. Guy: The pivotal role of mass spectrometry in determining the presence of chemical contaminants in food raw materials, Mass Spectr. Rev. 30(6), 1073–1095 (2011)
C. Lindinger, P. Pollien, S. Ali, C. Yeretzian, I. Blank, T. Mark: Unambiguous identification of volatile organic compounds by proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry coupled with GC/MS, Anal. Chem. 77(13), 4117–4124 (2005)
S. Vauthey, P. Visani, P. Frossard, N. Garti, M.E. Leser, H.J. Watzke: Release of volatiles from cubic phases: Monitoring by gas sensors, J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 21(3), 263–278 (2000)
M. Frank, H. Ulmer, J. Ruiz, P. Visani, U. Weimar: Complementary analytical measurements based upon gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, sensor system and human sensory panel: A case study dealing with packaging materials, Anal. Chim. Acta 431(1), 11–29 (2001)
P. Landy, S. Nicklaus, E. Semon, P. Mielle, E. Guichard: Representativeness of extracts of offset paper packaging and analysis of the main odor-active compounds, J. Agric. Food Chem. 52(8), 2326–2334 (2004)
P. Mielle, P. Landy, M. Souchaud, E. Kleine-Benne, M. Blaschke, E. Guichard: Development of a thermodesorption sensor system for the detection of residual solvents in packaging materials, Proc. IEEE Sens. 1, 300–303 (2004)
C. Nicolas-Saint Denis, P. Visani, G. Trystram, J. Hossenlopp, R. Houdard: Faisability of off-flavour detection in cocoa liquors using gas sensors, Sciences des Aliments 21(5), 537–554 (2001)
T.M. Dymerski, T.M. Chmiel, W. Wardencki: Invited review article: An odor-sensing system-powerful technique for foodstuff studies, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82(11), 11101-1–32 (2011)
R.L. Doty: Olfaction, Annu. Rev. Psychol. 52, 423–452 (2001)
S. Firestein: How the olfactory system makes sense of scents, Nature 413(6852), 211–218 (2001)
J. Krieger, H. Breer: Olfactory reception in invertebrates, Sci. 286(5440), 720–723 (1999)
U. Stockhorst, R. Pietrowsky: Olfactory perception, communication, and the nose-to-brain pathway, Physiol. Behav. 83(1), 3–11 (2004)
J.E. Cometto-Muniz: Chemical sensing in humans and machines. In: Handbook of Machine Olfaction: Electronic Nose Technology, ed. by T.C. Pearce, S.S. Schiffman, H.T. Nagle, J.W. Gardner (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2004)
R.L. Doty: Gustation, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Cogn. Sci. 3(1), 29–46 (2012)
W. Meyerhof, S. Born, A. Brockhoff, M. Behrens: Molecular biology of mammalian bitter taste receptors. A review, Flavour Fragr. J. 26(4), 260–268 (2011)
P. Besnard, D. Gaillard, P. Passilly-Degrace, C. Martin, M. Chevrot: Fat and taste perception, CAB Rev. Perspect. Agricult. Vet. Sci. Nutr. Nat. Res. 5(32), 1–9 (2010)
J.V. Verhagen: The neurocognitive bases of human multimodal food perception: Consciousness, Brain Res. Rev. 53(2), 271–286 (2007)
J.V. Verhagen, L. Engelen: The neurocognitive bases of human multimodal food perception: Sensory integration, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 30(5), 613–650 (2006)
D.M. Small, M.G. Veldhuizen, B. Green: Sensory neuroscience: Taste responses in primary olfactory cortex, Current Biol. 23(4), R157–R159 (2013)
M.G. Veldhuizen, D.R. Gitelman, D.M. Small: An fmri study of the interactions between the attention and the gustatory networks, Chemosens. Percept. 5(1), 117–127 (2012)
E.P. Koster: Does olfactory memory depend on remembering odors?, Chem. Sens. 30, i236–i237 (2005)
E. Le Berre, T. Thomas-Danguin, N. Beno, G. Coureaud, P. Etievant, J. Prescott: Perceptual processing strategy and exposure influence the perception of odor mixtures, Chem. Sens. 33(2), 193–199 (2008)
M. Auvray, C. Spence: The multisensory perception of flavor, Conscious. Cogn. 17(3), 1016–1031 (2008)
K. Mori, G.M. Shepherd: Emerging principles of molecular signal processing by mitral/tufted cells in the olfactory bulb, Semin. Cell Develop. Biol. 5(1), 65–74 (1994)
E.A. Hallem, J.R. Carlson: Coding of odors by a receptor repertoire, Cell 125(1), 143–160 (2006)
F. Rock, N. Barsan, U. Weimar: Electronic nose: Current status and future trends, Chem. Rev. 108(2), 705–725 (2008)
K.J. Rossiter: Structure-odor relationships, Chem. Rev. 96(8), 3201–3240 (1996)
D.J. Hoare, C.R. McCrohan, M. Cobb: Precise and fuzzy coding by olfactory sensory neurons, J. Neurosci. 28(39), 9710–9722 (2008)
R. Haddad, H. Lapid, D. Harel, N. Sobel: Measuring smells, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 18(4), 438–444 (2008)
S. Zampolli, I. Elmi, J. Stürmann, S. Nicoletti, L. Dori, G.C. Cardinali: Selectivity enhancement of metal oxide gas sensors using a micromachined gas chromatographic column, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 105(2), 400–406 (2005)
H. Lin, J.W. Zhao, Q.S. Chen, J.R. Cai, P. Zhou: Identification of egg freshness using near infrared spectroscopy and one class support vector machine algorithm, Spectrosc. Spectral Anal. 30(4), 929–932 (2010)
H. Nanto, J.R. Stetter: Introduction to chemosensors. In: Handbook of Machine Olfaction: Electronic Nose Technology, ed. by T.C. Pearce, S.S. Schiffman, H.T. Nagle, J.W. Gardner (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2004)
K. Arshak, E. Moore, G.M. Lyons, J. Harris, S. Clifford: A review of gas sensors employed in electronic nose applications, Sensor Rev. 24(2), 181–198 (2004)
K.J. Albert, N.S. Lewis, C.L. Schauer, G.A. Sotzing, S.E. Stitzel, T.P. Vaid, D.R. Walt: Cross-reactive chemical sensor arrays, Chem. Rev. 100(7), 2595–2626 (2000)
S.M. Briglin, M.S. Freund, P. Tokumaru, N.S. Lewis: Exploitation of spatiotemporal information and geometric optimization of signal/noise performance using arrays of carbon black-polymer composite vapor detectors, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 82(1), 54–74 (2002)
T. Gao, E.S. Tillman, N.S. Lewis: Detection and classification of volatile organic amines and carboxylic acids using arrays of carbon black-dendrimer composite vapor detectors, Chem. Mater. 17(11), 2904–2911 (2005)
N.S. Lewis: Comparisons between mammalian and artificial olfaction based on arrays of carbon black-polymer composite vapor detectors, Acc. Chem. Res. 37(9), 663–672 (2004)
B.C. Sisk, N.S. Lewis: Estimation of chemical and physical characteristics of analyte vapors through analysis of the response data of arrays of polymer-carbon black composite vapor detectors, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 96(1/2), 268–282 (2003)
H. Smyth, D. Cozzolino: Instrumental methods (spectroscopy, electronic nose, and tongue) as tools to predict taste and aroma in beverages: Advantages and limitations, Chem. Rev. 113(3), 1429–1440 (2013)
E.A. Baldwin, J. Bai, A. Plotto, S. Dea: Electronic noses and tongues: Applications for the food and pharmaceutical industries, Sensors 11(5), 4744–4766 (2011)
A. Berna: Metal oxide sensors for electronic noses and their application to food analysis, Sensors 10(4), 3882–3910 (2010)
M. Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti, S.S. Mohtasebi, M. Siadat: Biomimetic-based odor and taste sensing systems to food quality and safety characterization: An overview on basic principles and recent achievements, J. Food Eng. 100(3), 377–387 (2010)
A.K. Deisingh, D.C. Stone, M. Thompson: Applications of electronic noses and tongues in food analysis, Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 39(6), 587–604 (2004)
E. Schaller, J.O. Bosset, F. Escher: ’Electronic noses’ and their application to food, LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 31(4), 305–316 (1998)
J. E. Haugen, K. Kvaal: Electronic nose and artificial neural network, Meat Sci. 49, 5273–5286 (1998) suppl. 1
P.N. Bartlett, J.M. Elliott, J.W. Gardner: Electronic noses and their application in the food industry, Food Technol. 51(12), 44–48 (1997)
A.D. Wilson: Diverse applications of electronic-nose technologies in agriculture and forestry, Sensors (Switzerland) 13(2), 2295–2348 (2013)
M. Ruiz-Altisent, L. Ruiz-Garcia, G.P. Moreda, R. Lu, N. Hernandez-Sanchez, E.C. Correa, B. Diezma, B. Nicolas, J. Garcia-Ramos: Sensors for product characterization and quality of specialty crops-a review, Comput. Electron. Agricult. 74(2), 176–194 (2010)
D.R. Walt, S.E. Stitzel, M.J. Aernecke: Artificial noses, Am. Sci. 100(1), 38–45 (2012)
S.E. Stitzel, M.J. Aernecke, D.R. Walt: Artificial noses, Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 13, 1–25 (2011)
M. Brattoli, G. de Gennaro, V. de Pinto, A.D. Loiotile, S. Lovascio, M. Penza: Odour detection methods: Olfactometry and chemical sensors, Sensors 11(5), 5290–5322 (2011)
A.D. Wilson, M. Baietto: Applications and advances in electronic-nose technologies, Sensors 9(7), 5099–5148 (2009)
D. James, S.M. Scott, Z. Ali, W.T. O’Hare: Chemical sensors for electronic nose systems, Microchimica Acta 149(1/2), 1–17 (2005)
B.A. Snopok, I.V. Kruglenko: Multisensor systems for chemical analysis: State-of-the-art in electronic nose technology and new trends in machine olfaction, Thin Solid Films 418(1), 21–41 (2002)
D.J. Strike, M.G.H. Meijerink, M. Koudelka-Hep: Electronic noses – a mini-review, Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 364(6), 499–505 (1999)
T.A. Dickinson, J. White, J.S. Kauer, D.R. Walt: Current trends in ’artificial-nose’ technology, Trends Biotechnol. 16(6), 250–258 (1998)
M. Jamal, M.R. Khan, S.A. Imam, A. Jamal: Artificial neural network based e-nose and their analytical applications in various field, Proc. 11th ICARCV (2010) pp. 691–698
M.D. Woodka, B.S. Brunschwig, N.S. Lewis: Use of spatiotemporal response information from sorption-based sensor arrays to identify and quantify the composition of analyte mixtures, Langmuir 23(26), 13232–13241 (2007)
J.W. Gardner, J.A. Covington, S.L. Tan, T.C. Pearce: Towards an artificial olfactory mucosa for improved odour classification, Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 463(2083), 1713–1728 (2007)
S.E. Stitzel, D.R. Stein, D.R. Walt: Enhancing vapor sensor discrimination by mimicking a canine nasal cavity flow environment, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125(13), 3684–3685 (2003)
Z. Wen, L. Tian-mo: Gas-sensing properties of SnO2-TiO2-based sensor for volatile organic compound gas and its sensing mechanism, Phys. B Condens. Matter 405(5), 1345–1348 (2010)
N. El Barbri, E. Llobet, N. El Bari, X. Correig, B. Bouchikhi: Application of a portable electronic nose system to assess the freshness of moroccan sardines, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 28(5/6), 666–670 (2008)
P.C. Chen, F.N. Ishikawa, H.K. Chang, K. Ryu, C. Zhou: A nanoelectronic nose: A hybrid nanowire/carbon nanotube sensor array with integrated micromachined hotplates for sensitive gas discrimination, Nanotechnol. 20(12), 125503 (2009)
V. Krivetsky, A. Ponzoni, E. Comini, M. Rumyantseva, A. Gaskov: Selective modified sno2-based materials for gas sensors arrays, Procedia Chemistry 1, 204–207 (2009)
P.C. Chen, G. Shen, C. Zhou: Chemical sensors and electronic noses based on 1-d metal oxide nanostructures, IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 7(6), 668–682 (2008)
G.V. Belkova, S.A. Zav’yalov, N.N. Glagolev, A.B. Solov’eva: The influence of zno-sensor modification by porphyrins on to the character of sensor response to volatile organic compounds, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A 84(1), 129–133 (2010)
M. Egashira, Y. Shimizu: Odor sensing by semiconductor metal oxides, Sens. Actuators B. Chem. 13(1–3), 443–446 (1993)
J. Lozano, J.P. Santos, M. Aleixandre, I. Sayago, J. Gutierrez, M.C. Horrillo: Identification of typical wine aromas by means of an electronic nose, IEEE Sens. J. 6(1), 173–178 (2006)
J. Lozano, M.J. Fernandez, J.L. Fontecha, M. Aleixandre, J.P. Santos, I. Sayago, T. Arroyo, J.M. Cabellos, F.J. Gutierrez, M.C. Horrillo: Wine classification with a zinc oxide saw sensor array, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 120(1), 166–171 (2006)
A. Hikerlemann: Integrated Chemical Microsensor Systems in CMOS Technology (Springer, New York 2005)
S. Park, H.J. Lee, W.G. Koh: Multiplex immunoassay platforms based on shape-coded poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel microparticles incorporating acrylic acid, Sensors (Switzerland) 12(6), 8426–8436 (2012)
B. Adhikari, S. Majumdar: Polymers in sensor applications, Prog. Polym. Sci. (Oxford) 29(7), 699–766 (2004)
H. Bai, G. Shi: Gas sensors based on conducting polymers, Sensors 7(3), 267–307 (2007)
K.C. Persaud: Polymers for chemical sensing, Mater. Today 8(4), 38–44 (2005)
H.S. Yim, C.E. Kibbey, S.C. Ma, D.M. Kliza, D. Liu, S.B. Park, C.E. Torre, M.E. Meyerhoff: Polymer membrane-based ion-, gas- and bio-selective potentiometric sensors, Biosens. Bioelectr. 8(1), 1–38 (1993)
M.L. Rodriguez-Mendez, M. Gay, J.A. De Saja: New insights into sensors based on radical bisphthalocyanines, J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines 13(11), 1159–1167 (2009)
V. Parra, A.A. Arrieta, J.A. Fernandez-Escudero, H. Garcia, C. Apetrei, M.L. Rodriguez-Mendez: J. A. d. Saja: E-tongue based on a hybrid array of voltammetric sensors based on phthalocyanines, perylene derivatives and conducting polymers: Discrimination capability towards red wines elaborated with different varieties of grapes, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 115(1), 54–61 (2006)
M.L. Rodriguez-Mendez, J. Antonio De Saja: Nanostructured thin films based on phthalocyanines: Electro chromic displays and sensors, J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines 13(4/5), 606–615 (2009)
B. Li, S. Santhanam, L. Schultz, M. Jeffries-El, M.C. Iovu, G. Sauve, J. Cooper, R. Zhang, J.C. Revelli, A.G. Kusne, J.L. Snyder, T. Kowalewski, L.E. Weiss, R.D. McCullough, G.K. Fedder, D.N. Lambeth: Inkjet printed chemical sensor array based on polythiophene conductive polymers, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 123(2), 651–660 (2007)
M.C. Lonergan, E.J. Severin, B.J. Doleman, S.A. Beaber, R.H. Grubbs, N.S. Lewis: Array-based vapor sensing using chemically sensitive, carbon black-polymer resistors, Chem. Mater. 8(9), 2298–2312 (1996)
S. Maldonado, E. Garcia-Berrios, M.D. Woodka, B.S. Brunschwig, N.S. Lewis: Detection of organic vapors and nh3(g) using thin-film carbon black-metallophthalocyanine composite chemiresistors, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 134(2), 521–531 (2008)
S. Brady, K.T. Lau, W. Megill, G.G. Wallace, D. Diamond: The development and characterisation of conducting polymeric-based sensing devices, Synth. Met. 154(1–3), 25–28 (2005)
J. Kong, N.R. Franklin, C. Zhou, M.G. Chapline, S. Peng, K. Cho, H. Dai: Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors, Science 287(5453), 622–625 (2000)
D. Sarkar, K. Banerjee: Proposal for tunnel-field-effect-transistor as ultra-sensitive and label-free biosensors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(14), 143108 (2012)
E.S. Snow, F.K. Perkins, J.A. Robinson: Chemical vapor detection using single-walled carbon nanotubes, Chem. Soc. Rev. 35(9), 790–798 (2006)
B. Philip, J.K. Abraham, A. Chandrasekhar, V.K. Varadan: Carbon nanotube/pmma composite thin films for gas-sensing applications, Smart Mater. Struct. 12(6), 935–939 (2003)
A. Star, V. Joshi, S. Skarupo, D. Thomas, J.C.P. Gabriel: Gas sensor array based on metal-decorated carbon nanotubes, J. Physical Chem. B 110(42), 21014–21020 (2006)
E.S. Tillman, N.S. Lewis: Mechanism of enhanced sensitivity of linear poly(ethylenimine)-carbon black composite detectors to carboxylic acid vapors, Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 96(1/2), 329–342 (2003)
E.S. Tillman, M.E. Koscho, R.H. Grubbs, N.S. Lewis: Enhanced sensitivity to and classification of volatile carboxylic acids using arrays of linear poly(ethylenimine)-carbon black composite vapor detectors, Anal. Chem. 75(7), 1748–1753 (2003)
S. Casilli, M. De Luca, C. Apetrei, V. Parra, A.A. Arrieta, L. Valli, J. Jiang, M.L. Rodriguez-Mandez, J.A. De Saja: Langmuir-blodgett and langmuir-schaefer films of homoleptic and heteroleptic phthalocyanine complexes as voltammetric sensors: Applications to the study of antioxidants, Appl. Surf. Sci. 246(4), 304–312 (2005)
J.D.N. Cheeke, Z. Wang: Acoustic wave gas sensors, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 59(2), 146–153 (1999)
B. Drafts: Acoustic wave technology sensors, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 49(4 II), 795–802 (2001)
W.P. Carey, K.R. Beebe, B.R. Kowalski, D.L. Illman, T. Hirschfeld: Selection of adsorbates for chemical sensor arrays by pattern recognition, Anal. Chem. 58(1), 149–153 (1986)
P. Si, J. Mortensen, A. Komolov, J. Denborg, P.J. Moller: Polymer coated quartz crystal microbalance sensors for detection of volatile organic compounds in gas mixtures, Anal. Chim. Acta 597(2), 223–230 (2007)
N. Iqbal, G. Mustafa, A. Rehman, A. Biedermann, B. Najafi, P.A. Lieberzeit, F.L. Dickert: Qcm-arrays for sensing terpenes in fresh and dried herbs via bio-mimetic mip layers, Sensors 10(7), 6361–6376 (2010)
S.K. Jha, R.D.S. Yadava: Statistical pattern analysis assisted selection of polymers for odor sensor array, Proc. Int Conf. Sig. Process. Commun. Comput. Netw. (ICSCCN) (2011) pp. 575–580
J.W. Grate, S.J. Patrash, M.H. Abraham: Method for estimating polymer-coated acoustic wave vapor sensor responses, Analyt. Chem. 67(13), 2162–2169 (1995)
T. Moriizumi: Langmuir-blodgett films as chemical sensors, Thin Solid Films 160(1/2), 413–429 (1988)
E.A. Wachter, T. Thundat, P.I. Oden, R.J. Warmack, P.G. Datskos, S.L. Sharp: Remote optical detection using microcantilevers, Rev. Sci. Instruments 67(10), 3434–3439 (1996)
T. Thundat, G.Y. Chen, R.J. Warmack, D.P. Allison, E.A. Wachter: Vapor detection using resonating microcantilevers, Anal. Chem. 67(3), 519–521 (1995)
H.P. Lang, M.K. Baller, R. Berger, C. Gerber, J.K. Gimzewski, F.M. Battiston, P. Fornaro, J.P. Ramseyer, E. Meyer, H.J. Guntherodt: An artificial nose based on a micromechanical cantilever array, Anal. Chim. Acta 393(1–3), 59–65 (1999)
T.A. Betts, C.A. Tipple, M.J. Sepaniak, P.G. Datskos: Selectivity of chemical sensors based on micro-cantilevers coated with thin polymer films, Anal. Chim. Acta 422(1), 89–99 (2000)
J. Amamcharla, S. Panigrahi: Simultaneous prediction of acetic acid/ethanol concentrations in their binary mixtures using metalloporphyrin based opto-electronic nose for meat safety applications, Sens. Instrum. Food Qual. Safety 4(2), 51–60 (2010)
A.C. Paske, L.D. Earl, J.L. O’Donnell: Interfacially polymerized metalloporphyrin thin films for colorimetric sensing of organic vapors, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 155(2), 687–691 (2011)
L.D. Bonifacio, G.A. Ozin, A.C. Arsenault: The photonic nose: A versatile platform for sensing applications, Proc. SPIE – Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., Vol. 8031 (2011), DOI: 10.1117/12.884129
M.C. Janzen, J.B. Ponder, D.P. Bailey, C.K. Ingison, K.S. Suslick: Colorimetric sensor arrays for volatile organic compounds, Analytical Chemistry 78(11), 3591–3600 (2006)
N.A. Rakow, K.S. Suslick: A colorimetric sensor array for odour visualization, Nature 406(6797), 710–713 (2000)
K.S. Suslick, D.P. Bailey, C.K. Ingison, M. Janzen, M.E. Kosal, W.B. McNamara Iii, N.A. Rakow, A. Sen, J.J. Weaver, J.B. Wilson, C. Zhang, S. Nakagaki: Seeing smells: Development of an optoelectronic nose, Quimica Nova 30(3), 677–681 (2007)
H. Qin, D. Huo, L. Zhang, L. Yang, S. Zhang, M. Yang, C. Shen, C. Hou: Colorimetric artificial nose for identification of chinese liquor with different geographic origins, Food Res. Int. 45(1), 45–51 (2012)
T.A. Dickinson, J. White, J.S. Kauer, D.R. Walt: A chemical-detecting system based on a cross-reactive optical sensor array, Nature 382(6593), 697–700 (1996)
H.E. Posch, O.S. Wolfbeis, J. Pusterhofer: Optical and fibre-optic sensors for vapours of polar solvents, Talanta 35(2), 89–94 (1988)
E. Chevallier, E. Scorsone, H.A. Girard, V. Pichot, D. Spitzer, P. Bergonzo: Metalloporphyrin-functionalised diamond nano-particles as sensitive layer for nitroaromatic vapours detection at room-temperature, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 151(1), 191–197 (2010)
S.E. Stitzel, L.J. Cowen, K.J. Albert, D.R. Walt: Array-to-array transfer of an artificial nose classifier, Anal. Chem. 73(21), 5266–5271 (2001)
S. Bencic-Nagale, D.R. Walt: Extending the longevity of fluorescence-based sensor arrays using adaptive exposure, Anal. Chem. 77(19), 6155–6162 (2005)
J. White, J.S. Kauer, T.A. Dickinson, D.R. Walt: Rapid analyte recognition in a device based on optical sensors and the olfactory system, Anal. Chem. 68(13), 2191–2202 (1996)
K.J. Albert, D.R. Walt: Information coding in artificial olfaction multisensor arrays, Anal. Chem. 75(16), 4161–4167 (2003)
S.M. Barnard, D.R. Walt: Fiber-optic organic vapor sensor, Environ. Sci. Technol. 25(7), 1301–1304 (1991)
M. Peris, L. Escuder-Gilabert: A 21st century technique for food control: Electronic noses, Anal. Chim. Acta 638(1), 1–15 (2009)
L. Vera, L. Aceia, J. Guasch, R. Boqua, M. Mestres, O. Busto: Characterization and classification of the aroma of beer samples by means of an ms e-nose and chemometric tools, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 399(6), 2073–2081 (2011)
H. Kojima, S. Araki, H. Kaneda, M. Takashio: Application of a new electronic nose with fingerprint mass spectrometry to brewing, J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 63(4), 151–157 (2005)
F.M. Green, T.L. Salter, P. Stokes, I.S. Gilmore, G. O’Connorb: Ambientmass spectrometry: Advances and applications in forensics, Surf. Interf.Anal. 42(5), 347–357 (2010)
F. Biasioli, C. Yeretzian, T.D. Mark, J. Dewulf, H. Van Langenhove: Direct-injection mass spectrometry adds the time dimension to (b)voc analysis, TrAC – Trends Anal. Chem. 30(7), 1003–1017 (2011)
K. Chughtai, R.M.A. Heeren: Mass spectrometric imaging for biomedical tissue analysis, Chem. Rev. 110(5), 3237–3277 (2010)
E.R. Amstalden van Hove, D.F. Smith, R.M.A. Heeren: A concise review of mass spectrometry imaging, J. Chromatogr. A 1217(25), 3946–3954 (2010)
JEOL, IonSense: http://www.ionsense.com/
W. Vautz, D. Zimmermann, M. Hartmann, J.I. Baumbach, J. Nolte, J. Jung: Ion mobility spectrometry for food quality and safety, Food Addit. Contamin. 23(11), 1064–1073 (2006)
L.C. Rorrer Iii, R.A. Yost: Solvent vapor effects on planar high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 300(2/3), 173–181 (2011)
R. Guevremont: High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (faims), Can. J. Anal. Sci. Spectrosc. 49(3), 105–113 (2004)
R. Guevremont: High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry: A new tool for mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A 1058(1/2), 3–19 (2004)
R.T. Marsili: SPME-MS-MVA as a rapid technique for assessing oxidation off-flavors in foods, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 488, 89–100 (2001)
J.W. Gardner, M. Cole: Integrated electronic noses and microsystems for chemical analysis. In: Handbook of Machine Olfaction: Electronic Nose Technology, ed. by T.C. Pearce, S.S. Schiffman, H.T. Nagle, J.W. Gardner (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2004)
E.J. Staples, S. Viswanathan: Development of a novel odor measurement system using gas chromatography with surface acoustic wave sensor, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 58(12), 1522–1528 (2008)
C. Mah, K.B. Thurbide: Acoustic methods of detection in gas chromatography, J. Sep. Sci. 29(12), 1922–1930 (2006)
S.Y. Oh, H.D. Shin, S.J. Kim, J. Hong: Rapid determination of floral aroma compounds of lilac blossom by fast gas chromatography combined with surface acoustic wave sensor, J. Chromatogr. A 1183(1/2), 170–178 (2008)
Electronic Sensor Technology: http://www.estcal.com/
T.A.T.G. Van Kempen, W.J. Powers, A.L. Sutton: Technical note: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as an optical nose for predicting odor sensation, J. Animal Sci. 80(6), 1524–1527 (2002)
S. Armenta, N.M.M. Coelho, R. Roda, S. Garrigues, M. de la Guardia: Seafood freshness determination through vapour phase fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Anal. Chim. Acta 580(2), 216–222 (2006)
D. Cozzolino, H.E. Smyth, M. Gishen: Feasibility study on the use of visible and near-infrared spectroscopy together with chemometrics to discriminate between commercial white wines of different varietal origins, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 51(26), 7703–7708 (2003)
J.H.J. Al Yamani, F. Boussaid, A. Bermak, D. Martinez: Bio-inspired gas recognition based on the organization of the olfactory pathway, Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst. (ISCAS) (2012) pp. 1391–1394
R.R. Lima, L.F. Hernandez, A.T. Carvalho, R.A.M. Carvalho, M.L.P. da Silva: Corrosion resistant and adsorbent plasma polymerized thin film, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 141(2), 349–360 (2009)
K.D. Shimizu, C.J. Stephenson: Molecularly imprinted polymer sensor arrays, Current Opin. Chem. Biol. 14(6), 743–750 (2010)
G. Bunte, J. Hurttlen, H. Pontius, K. Hartlieb, H. Krause: Gas phase detection of explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by molecularly imprinted polymers, Analytica Chimica Acta 591(1), 49–56 (2007)
M. Matsuguchi, T. Uno: Molecular imprinting strategy for solvent molecules and its application for qcm-based voc vapor sensing, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 113(1), 94–99 (2006)
F.L. Dickert, O. Hayden, K.P. Halikias: Synthetic receptors as sensor coatings for molecules and living cells, Analyst 126(6), 766–771 (2001)
T. Nakamoto: Odor handling and delivery systems. In: Handbook of Machine Olfaction: Electronic Nose Technology, ed. by T.C. Pearce, S.S. Schiffman, H.T. Nagle, J.W. Gardner (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2004)
L. Su, W. Jia, C. Hou, Y. Lei: Microbial biosensors: A review, Biosens. Bioelectron. 26(5), 1788–1799 (2011)
J. Castillo, S. Gaspar, S. Leth, M. Niculescu, A. Mortari, I. Bontidean, V. Soukharev, S.A. Dorneanu, A.D. Ryabov, E. Csoregi: Biosensors for life quality – Design, development and applications, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 102(2), 179–194 (2004)
P. Leonard, S. Hearty, J. Brennan, L. Dunne, J. Quinn, T. Chakraborty, R. O’Kennedy: Advances in biosensors for detection of pathogens in food and water, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 32(1), 3–13 (2003)
A. Rasooly, K.E. Herold: Biosensors for the analysis of food- and waterborne pathogens and their toxins, J. AOAC Int. 89(3), 873–883 (2006)
M. Nayak, A. Kotian, S. Marathe, D. Chakravortty: Detection of microorganisms using biosensors-a smarter way towards detection techniques, Biosens. Bioelectron. 25(4), 661–667 (2009)
Y. Wang, Z. Ye, Y. Ying: New trends in impedimetric biosensors for the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, Sensors 12(3), 3449–3471 (2012)
V. Velusamy, K. Arshak, O. Korostynska, K. Oliwa, C. Adley: An overview of foodborne pathogen detection: In the perspective of biosensors, Biotechnol. Adv. 28(2), 232–254 (2010)
O. Lazcka, F.J.D. Campo, F.X. Munoz: Pathogen detection: A perspective of traditional methods and biosensors, Biosens. Bioelectron. 22(7), 1205–1217 (2007)
K.K. Jain: Current status of molecular biosensors, Med. Dev. Technol. 14(4), 10–15 (2003)
A. Amine, H. Mohammadi, I. Bourais, G. Palleschi: Enzyme inhibition-based biosensors for food safety and environmental monitoring, Biosens. Bioelectron. 21(8), 1405–1423 (2006)
L.D. Mello, L.T. Kubota: Review of the use of biosensors as analytical tools in the food and drink industries, Food Chem. 77(2), 237–256 (2002)
M.N. Velasco-Garcia, T. Mottram: Biosensor technology addressing agricultural problems, Biosyst. Eng. 84(1), 1–12 (2003)
P.D. Skottrup, M. Nicolaisen, A.F. Justesen: Towards on-site pathogen detection using antibody-based sensors, Biosens. Bioelectron. 24(3), 339–348 (2008)
M. Mujika, S. Arana, E. Castano, M. Tijero, R. Vilares, J.M. Ruano-Lopez, A. Cruz, L. Sainz, J. Berganza: Magnetoresistive immunosensor for the detection of escherichia coli o157:H7 including a microfluidic network, Biosens. Bioelectron. 24(5), 1253–1258 (2009)
P.J. Liao, J.S. Chang, S.D. Chao, H.C. Chang, K.R. Huang, K.C. Wu, T.S. Wung: A combined experimental and theoretical study on the immunoassay of human immunoglobulin using a quartz crystal microbalance, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 10(12), 11498–11511 (2010)
A.M. Azevedo, D.M.F. Prazeres, J.M.S. Cabral, L.P. Fonseca: Ethanol biosensors based on alcohol oxidase, Biosens. Bioelectron. 21(2), 235–247 (2005)
M. Moyo, J.O. Okonkwo, N.M. Agyei: Recent advances in polymeric materials used as electron mediators and immobilizing matrices in developing enzyme electrodes, Sensors 12(1), 923–953 (2012)
J.M. Vidic, J. Grosclaude, M.A. Persuy, J. Aioun, R. Salesse, E. Pajot-Augy: Quantitative assessment of olfactory receptors activity in immobilized nanosomes: A novel concept for bioelectronic nose, Lab on a Chip – Miniaturisation, Chem. Biol. 6(8), 1026–1032 (2006)
Q. Liu, W. Ye, H. Yu, N. Hu, L. Du, P. Wang, M. Yang: Olfactory mucosa tissue-based biosensor: A bioelectronic nose with receptor cells in intact olfactory epithelium, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 146(2), 527–533 (2010)
Q. Liu, W. Ye, N. Hu, H. Cai, H. Yu, P. Wang: Olfactory receptor cells respond to odors in a tissue and semiconductor hybrid neuron chip, Biosens. Bioelectron. 26(4), 1672–1678 (2010)
V. Radhika, T. Proikas-Cezanne, M. Jayaraman, D. Onesime, J.H. Ha, D.N. Dhanasekaran: Chemical sensing of dnt by engineered olfactory yeast strain, Nat. Chem. Biol. 3(6), 325–330 (2007)
S.F. D’Souza: Microbial biosensors, Biosens. Bioelectron. 16(6), 337–353 (2001)
Y. Kuang, I. Biran, D.R. Walt: Living bacterial cell array for genotoxin monitoring, Anal. Chem. 76(10), 2902–2909 (2004)
E. Shirokova, K. Schmiedeberg, P. Bedner, H. Niessen, K. Willecke, J.D. Raguse, W. Meyerhof, D. Krautwurst: Identification of specific ligands for orphan olfactory receptors: G protein-dependent agonism and antagonism of odorants, J. Biol. Chem. 280(12), 11807–11815 (2005)
Q. Liu, H. Cai, Y. Xu, Y. Li, R. Li, P. Wang: Olfactory cell-based biosensor: A first step towards a neurochip of bioelectronic nose, Biosens. Bioelectron. 22(2), 318–322 (2006)
C. Ziegler, W. Gopel, H. Hammerle, H. Hatt, G. Jung, L. Laxhuber, H.L. Schmidt, S. Schutz, F. Vogtle, A. Zell: Bioelectronic noses: A status report. Part II, Biosens. Bioelectron. 13(5), 539–571 (1998)
R. Glatz, K. Bailey-Hill: Mimicking nature’s noses: From receptor deorphaning to olfactory biosensing, Prog. Neurobiol. 93(2), 270–296 (2011)
K. Toko: Biomimetic Sensor Technology (Cambridge University Press, Tokyo 2005)
E. Kress-Rogers: Handbook of Biosensors and Electronic Noses: Medicine, Food, and the Environment (CRC Press, Boca Raton 1997)
J. Hurst: Electronic noses and sensor array based systems, 5th Int. Symp. Proc. Des. Appl. (CRC Press, Boca Raton 1999)
S.H. Lee, T.H. Park: Recent advances in the development of bioelectronic nose, Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 15(1), 22–29 (2010)
T. Wink, S.J. Van Zuilen, A. Bult, W.P. Van Bennekom: Self-assembled monolayers for biosensors, Analyst 122(4), 43R–50R (1997)
Y. Hou, N. Jaffrezic-Renault, C. Martelet, C. Tlili, A. Zhang, J.C. Pernollet, L. Briand, G. Gomila, A. Errachid, J. Samitier, L. Salvagnac, B. Torbiero, P. Temple-Boyer: Study of langmuir and langmuir-blodgett films of odorant-binding protein/amphiphile for odorant biosensors, Langmuir 21(9), 4058–4065 (2005)
K. Parikh, K. Cattanach, R. Rao, D.S. Suh, A. Wu, S.K. Manohar: Flexible vapour sensors using single walled carbon nanotubes, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 113(1), 55–63 (2006)
S. Lakard, G. Herlem, N. Valles-Villareal, G. Michel, A. Propper, T. Gharbi, B. Fahys: Culture of neural cells on polymers coated surfaces for biosensor applications, Biosens. Bioelectron. 20(10), 1946–1954 (2005)
T.Z. Wu, Y.R. Lo, E.C. Chan: Exploring the recognized bio-mimicry materials for gas sensing, Biosens. Bioelectron. 16(9–12), 945–953 (2001)
T.Z. Wu, Y.R. Lo: Synthetic peptide mimicking of binding sites on olfactory receptor protein for use in ’electronic nose’, J. Biotechnol. 80(1), 63–73 (2000)
S. Sankaran, S. Panigrahi, S. Mallik: Odorant binding protein based biomimetic sensors for detection of alcohols associated with salmonella contamination in packaged beef, Biosens. Bioelectron. 26(7), 3103–3109 (2011)
S. Sankaran, S. Panigrahi, S. Mallik: Olfactory receptor based piezoelectric biosensors for detection of alcohols related to food safety applications, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 155(1), 8–18 (2011)
S.W. Kruse, R. Zhao, D.P. Smith, D.N.M. Jones: Structure of a specific alcohol-binding site defined by the odorant binding protein lush from drosophila melanogaster, Nature Struct. Biol. 10(9), 694–700 (2003)
J.W. Jaworski, D. Raorane, J.H. Huh, A. Majumdar, S.W. Lee: Evolutionary screening of biomimetic coatings for selective detection of explosives, Langmuir 24(9), 4938–4943 (2008)
M.C. McAlpine, H.D. Agnew, R.D. Rohde, M. Blanco, H. Ahmad, A.D. Stuparu, W.A. Goddard III, J.R. Heath: Peptide-nanowire hybrid materials for selective sensing of small molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(29), 9583–9589 (2008)
L. Du, C. Wu, Q. Liu, L. Huang, P. Wang: Recent advances in olfactory receptor-based biosensors, Biosens. Bioelectron. 42(1), 570–580 (2013)
T.Z. Wu: A piezoelectric biosensor as an olfactory receptor for odour detection: Electronic nose, Biosens. Bioelectron. 14(1), 9–18 (1999)
C.H. Wetzel, M. Oles, C. Wellerdieck, M. Kuczkowiak, G. Gisselmann, H. Hatt: Specificity and sensitivity of a human olfactory receptor functionally expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and xenopus laevis oocytes, J. Neurosci. 19(17), 7426–7433 (1999)
D. Krautwurst, K.W. Yau, R.R. Reed: Identification of ligands for olfactory receptors by functional expression of a receptor library, Cell 95(7), 917–926 (1998)
H.J. Ko, T.H. Park: Piezoelectric olfactory biosensor: Ligand specificity and dose-dependence of an olfactory receptor expressed in a heterologous cell system, Biosens. Bioelectron. 20(7), 1327–1332 (2005)
A. Suska, A.B. Ibanez, P. Preechaburana, I. Lundstrom, A. Berghard: G protein-coupled receptor mediated sensing of TMA, Procedia Chem. 1, 321–324 (2009)
J.H. Sung, H.J. Ko, T.H. Park: Piezoelectric biosensor using olfactory receptor protein expressed in escherichia coli, Biosens. Bioelectron. 21(10), 1981–1986 (2006)
J. Minic, M.A. Persuy, E. Godel, J. Aioun, I. Connerton, R. Salesse, E. Pajot-Augy: Functional expression of olfactory receptors in yeast and development of a bioassay for odorant screening, FEBS J. 272(2), 524–537 (2005)
N.A. Fikri, A.H. Adorn, A.Y.M. Shakaff, M.N. Ahmad, A.H. Abdullah, A. Zakaria, M.A. Markom: Development of human sensory mimicking system, Sens. Lett. 9(1), 423–427 (2011)
R. Banerjee, P. Chattopadhyay, R. Rani, B. Tudu, R. Bandyopadhyay, N. Bhattacharyya: Discrimination of black tea using electronic nose and electronic tongue: A bayesian classifier approach, Proc. Int. Conf. Recent Trends Inf. Syst. (RETIS) (2011) pp. 13–17
R. Banerjee, B. Tudu, L. Shaw, A. Jana, N. Bhattacharyya, R. Bandyopadhyay: Instrumental testing of tea by combining the responses of electronic nose and tongue, J. Food Eng. 110(3), 356–363 (2012)
M. Cole, J.A. Covington, J.W. Gardner: Combined electronic nose and tongue for a flavour sensing system, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 156(2), 832–839 (2011)
A. Rudnitskaya, I. Delgadillo, A. Legin, S.M. Rocha, A.M. Costa, T. Simoes: Prediction of the port wine age using an electronic tongue, Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 88(1), 125–131 (2007)
C. Di Natale, R. Paolesse, A. MacAgnano, A. Mantini, A. D’Amico, M. Ubigli, A. Legin, L. Lvova, A. Rudnitskaya, Y. Vlasov: Application of a combined artificial olfaction and taste system to the quantification of relevant compounds in red wine, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 69(3), 342–347 (2000)
S. Buratti, S. Benedetti, M. Scampicchio, E.C. Pangerod: Characterization and classification of italian barbera wines by using an electronic nose and an amperometric electronic tongue, Anal. Chim. Acta 525(1), 133–139 (2004)
A. Zakaria, A.Y.M. Shakaff, M.J. Masnan, M.N. Ahmad, A.H. Adom, M.N. Jaafar, S.A. Ghani, A.H. Abdullah, A.H.A. Aziz, L.M. Kamarudin, N. Subari, N.A. Fikri: A biomimetic sensor for the classification of honeys of different floral origin and the detection of adulteration, Sensors 11(8), 7799–7822 (2011)
M. Mamat, S.A. Samad: Classification of beverages using electronic nose and machine vision systems, Proc. APSIPA (2012) pp. 1–6
I.M. Apetrei, M.L. Rodriguez-Mendez, C. Apetrei, I. Nevares, M. del Alamo, J.A. de Saja: Monitoring of evolution during red wine aging in oak barrels and alternative method by means of an electronic panel test, Food Res. Int. 45(1), 244–249 (2012)
N. Prieto, M. Gay, S. Vidal, O. Aagaard, J.A. De Saja, M.L. Rodriguez-Mendez: Analysis of the influence of the type of closure in the organoleptic characteristics of a red wine by using an electronic panel, Food Chem. 129(2), 589–594 (2011)
C. Apetrei, I.M. Apetrei, S. Villanueva, J.A. de Saja, F. Gutierrez-Rosales, M.L. Rodriguez-Mendez: Combination of an e-nose, an e-tongue and an e-eye for the characterisation of olive oils with different degree of bitterness, Anal. Chim. Acta 663(1), 91–97 (2010)
M. Casale, C. Casolino, P. Oliveri, M. Forina: The potential of coupling information using three analytical techniques for identifying the geographical origin of liguria extra virgin olive oil, Food Chem. 118(1), 163–170 (2010)
L. Vera, L. Aceia, J. Guasch, R. Boqua, M. Mestres, O. Busto: Discrimination and sensory description of beers through data fusion, Talanta 87(1), 136–142 (2011)
M. Gutierrez, A. Llobera, J. Vila-Planas, F. Capdevila, S. Demming, S. Buttgenbach, S. Minguez, C. Jimenez-Jorquera: Hybrid electronic tongue based on optical and electrochemical microsensors for quality control of wine, Analyst 135(7), 1718–1725 (2010)
S. Buratti, D. Ballabio, S. Benedetti, M.S. Cosio: Prediction of italian red wine sensorial descriptors from electronic nose, electronic tongue and spectrophotometric measurements by means of genetic algorithm regression models, Food Chem. 100(1), 211–218 (2007)
S. Buratti, D. Ballabio, G. Giovanelli, C.M.Z. Dominguez, A. Moles, S. Benedetti, N. Sinelli: Monitoring of alcoholic fermentation using near infrared and mid infrared spectroscopies combined with electronic nose and electronic tongue, Anal. Chim. Acta 697(1/2), 67–74 (2011)
T. Garcia-Martinez, A. Bellincontro, M.D.L.N.L. De Lerma, R.A. Peinado, J.C. Mauricio, F. Mencarelli, J.J. Moreno: Discrimination of sweet wines partially fermented by two osmo-ethanol-tolerant yeasts by gas chromatographic analysis and electronic nose, Food Chem. 127(3), 1391–1396 (2011)
P. Watkins, C. Wijesundera: Application of znose for the analysis of selected grape aroma compounds, Talanta 70(3), 595–601 (2006)
D. Cozzolino, H.E. Smyth, K.A. Lattey, W. Cynkar, L. Janik, R.G. Dambergs, I.L. Francis, M. Gishen: Combining mass spectrometry based electronic nose, visible-near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics to assess the sensory properties of australian riesling wines, Anal. Chim. Acta 563(1/2), 319–324 (2006)
N. Prieto, M.L. Rodriguez-Mendez, R. Leardi, P. Oliveri, D. Hernando-Esquisabel, M. Iniguez-Crespo, J.A. de Saja: Application of multi-way analysis to uv-visible spectroscopy, gas chromatography and electronic nose data for wine ageing evaluation, Anal. Chim. Acta 719, 43–51 (2012)
A.Z. Berna, S. Trowell, D. Clifford, W. Cynkar, D. Cozzolino: Geographical origin of sauvignon blanc wines predicted by mass spectrometry and metal oxide based electronic nose, Anal. Chim. Acta 648(2), 146–152 (2009)
Q. Liu, W. Ye, L. Xiao, L. Du, N. Hu, P. Wang: Extracellular potentials recording in intact olfactory epithelium by microelectrode array for a bioelectronic nose, Biosens. Bioelectron. 25(10), 2212–2217 (2010)
M. Huotari, V. Lantto: Measurements of odours based on response analysis of insect olfactory receptor neurons, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 127(1), 284–287 (2007)
M. Huotari, M. Mela: Blowfly olfactory biosensor’s sensitivity and specificity, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 34(1–3), 240–244 (1996)
S. Schutz, M.J. Schoning, P. Schroth, U. Malkoc, B. Weissbecker, P. Kordos, H. Luth, H.E. Hummel: Insect-based biofet as a bioelectronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 65(1), 291–295 (2000)
K.S. Mead: Using lobster noses to inspire robot sensor design, Trends Biotechnol. 20(7), 276–277 (2002)
F. Winquist, I. Lundstrom, P. Wide: Combination of an electronic tongue and an electronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 58(1–3), 512–517 (1999)
M. Valle: Bioinspired sensor systems, Sensors 11(11), 10180–10186 (2011)
S. Soltic, S.G. Wysoski, N.K. Kasabov: Evolving spiking neural networks for taste recognition, Proc. Int. Jt. Conf. Neural Netw. (2008) pp. 2091–2097
E. Martinelli, D. Polese, F. Dini, R. Paolesse, D. Filippini, A. D’Amico, D. Schild, I. Lundstrom, C. Di Natale: Testing olfactory models with an artificial experimental platform, Proc. Int. Jt. Conf. Neural Netw. (2010) pp. 1–6
A. Perera, T. Yamanaka, A. Gutierrez-Galvez, B. Raman, R. Gutierrez-Osuna: A dimensionality-reduction technique inspired by receptor convergence in the olfactory system, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 116(1/2), 17–22 (2006)
B. Raman, P.A. Sun, A. Gutierrez-Galvez, R. Gutierrez-Osuna: Processing of chemical sensor arrays with a biologically inspired model of olfactory coding, IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 17(4), 1015–1024 (2006)
B. Raman, T. Yamanaka, R. Gutierrez-Osuna: Contrast enhancement of gas sensor array patterns with a neurodynamics model of the olfactory bulb, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 119(2), 547–555 (2006)
G. Pioggia, M. Ferro, F.D. Francesco, A. Ahluwalia, D. De Rossi: Assessment of bioinspired models for pattern recognition in biomimetic systems, Bioinspir. Biomim. 3, 016004 (2008)
L. Robertsson, B. Iliev, R. Palm, P. Wide: Perception modeling for human-like artificial sensor systems, Int. J. Human Comput. Stud. 65(5), 446–459 (2007)
W. Gopel: Chemical imaging: I. Concepts and visions for electronic and bioelectronic noses, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 52(1/2), 125–142 (1998)
C. Di Natale, R. Paolesse, A. D’Arnico: Food and beverage quality asssurance. In: Handbook of Machine Olfaction: Electronic Nose Technology, ed. by T.C. Pearce, S.S. Schiffman, H.T. Nagle, J.W. Gardner (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2004)
H.D. Werlein: Discrimination of chocolates and packaging materials by an electronic nose, Eur. Food Res. Technol. 212(4), 529–533 (2001)
M. Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti, S.S. Mohtasebi, M. Siadat, S. Balasubramanian: Meat quality assessment by electronic nose (machine olfaction technology), Sensors 9(8), 6058–6083 (2009)
G. Sala, G. Masoero, L.M. Battaglini, P. Cornale, S. Barbera: Electronic nose and use of bags to collect odorous air samples in meat quality analysis, AIP Conf. Proc. 1137(1), 337–340 (2009)
T. Rajamaki, H.L. Alakomi, T. Ritvanen, E. Skytta, M. Smolander, R. Ahvenainen: Application of an electronic nose for quality assessment of modified atmosphere packaged poultry meat, Food Control 17(1), 5–13 (2006)
J.S. Vestergaard, M. Martens, P. Turkki: Analysis of sensory quality changes during storage of a modified atmosphere packaged meat product (pizza topping) by an electronic nose system, LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 40(6), 1083–1094 (2007)
L. Gil, J.M. Barat, E. Garcia-Breijo, J. Ibanez, R. Martinez-Manez, J. Soto, E. Llobet, J. Brezmes, M.C. Aristoy, F. Toldra: Fish freshness analysis using metallic potentiometric electrodes, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 131(2), 362–370 (2008)
P.M. Schweizer-Berberich, S. Vaihinger, W. Gopel: Characterisation of food freshness with sensor arrays, Sens. Actuators B. Chem. 18(1–3), 282–290 (1994)
M. Egashira: Functional design of semiconductor gas sensors for measurement of smell and freshness, Proc. Int. Conf. Solid-State Sens. Actuators, Vol. 2 (1997) pp. 1385–1388
V.Y. Musatov, V.V. Sysoev, M. Sommer, I. Kiselev: Assessment of meat freshness with metal oxide sensor microarray electronic nose: A practical approach, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 144(1), 99–103 (2010)
G. Olafsdottir, E. Chanie, F. Westad, R. Jonsdottir, C.R. Thalmann, S. Bazzo, S. Labreche, P. Marcq, F. Lundby, J.E. Haugen: Prediction of microbial and sensory quality of cold smoked atlantic salmon (solmo salar) by electronic nose, J. Food Sci. 70(9), S563–S574 (2005)
J.E. Haugen, E. Chanie, F. Westad, R. Jonsdottir, S. Bazzo, S. Labreche, P. Marcq, F. Lundby, G. Olafsdottir: Rapid control of smoked atlantic salmon (salmo salar) quality by electronic nose: Correlation with classical evaluation methods, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 116(1/2), 72–77 (2006)
J.M. Barat, L. Gil, E. Garcia-Breijo, M.C. Aristoy, F. Toldra, R. Martinez-Manez, J. Soto: Freshness monitoring of sea bream (sparus aurata) with a potentiometric sensor, Food Chem. 108(2), 681–688 (2008)
F. Winquist, H. Sundgren, I. Lundstrom: Practical use of electronic noses: Quality estimation of cod fillet bought over the counter, Proc. Int. Conf. Solid-State Sens. Actuators Eurosens. IX (1995) pp. 695–698
R. Jonsdottir, G. Olafsdottir, E. Martinsdottir, G. Stefansson: Flavor characterization of ripened cod roe by gas chromatography, sensory analysis, and electronic nose, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 52(20), 6250–6256 (2004)
M. Zhang, X. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Xu, G. Zhou: Species discrimination among three kinds of puffer fish using an electronic nose combined with olfactory sensory evaluation, Sensors (Switzerland) 12(9), 12562–12571 (2012)
M. Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti, M.L. Rodriguez-Mendez, S.S. Mohtasebi, C. Apetrei, J. Lozano, H. Ahmadi, S.H. Razavi, J. Antonio de Saja: Monitoring the aging of beers using a bioelectronic tongue, Food Control 25(1), 216–224 (2012)
M.P. Marti, O. Busto, J. Guasch, R. Boque: Electronic noses in the quality control of alcoholic beverages, TrAC – Trends Anal. Chem. 24(1), 57–66 (2005)
J.A. Ragazzo-Sanchez, P. Chalier, D. Chevalier-Lucia, M. Calderon-Santoyo, C. Ghommidh: Off-flavours detection in alcoholic beverages by electronic nose coupled to GC, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 140(1), 29–34 (2009)
M. Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti, S.S. Mohtasebi, M.L. Rodriguez-Mendez, M. Siadat, H. Ahmadi, S.H. Razavi: Electronic and bioelectronic tongues, two promising analytical tools for the quality evaluation of non alcoholic beer, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 22(5), 245–248 (2011)
Á.A. Arrieta, M.L. Rodríguez-Méndez, J.A. de Saja, C.A. Blanco, D. Nimubona: Prediction of bitterness and alcoholic strength in beer using an electronic tongue, Food Chem. 123(1), 642–646 (2010)
M. Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti, S.S. Mohtasebi, M.L. Rodriguez-Mendez, J. Lozano, S.H. Razavi, H. Ahmadi: Potential application of electronic nose technology in brewery, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 22(4), 165–174 (2011)
C. Zhang, D.P. Bailey, K.S. Suslick: Colorimetric sensor arrays for the analysis of beers: A feasibility study, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 54(14), 4925–4931 (2006)
P.W. Alexander, L.T. Di Benedetto, D.B. Hibbert: A field-portable gas analyzer with an array of six semiconductor sensors. Part 2: Identification of beer samples using artificial neural networks, Field Anal. Chem. Technol. 2(3), 145–153 (1998)
J.W. Gardner, T.C. Pearce, S. Friel, P.N. Bartlett, N. Blair: A multisensor system for beer flavour monitoring using an array of conducting polymers and predictive classifiers, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 18(1–3), 240–243 (1994)
J. Lozano, J.P. Santos, J. Gutierrez, M.C. Horrillo: Comparative study of sampling systems combined with gas sensors for wine discrimination, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 126(2), 616–623 (2007)
J. Lozano, J.P. Santos, T. Arroyo, M. Aznar, J.M. Cabellos, M. Gil: M. d. C. Horrillo: Correlating e-nose responses to wine sensorial descriptors and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiles using partial least squares regression analysis, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 127(1), 267–276 (2007)
M. Aleixandre, J. Lozano, J. Gutierrez, I. Sayago, M.J. Fernandez, M.C. Horrillo: Portable e-nose to classify different kinds of wine, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 131(1), 71–76 (2008)
A.Z. Berna, S. Trowell, W. Cynkar, D. Cozzolino: Comparison of metal oxide-based electronic nose and mass spectrometry-based electronic nose for the prediction of red wine spoilage, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 56(9), 3238–3244 (2008)
W. Cynkar, R. Dambergs, P. Smith, D. Cozzolino: Classification of tempranillo wines according to geographic origin: Combination of mass spectrometry based electronic nose and chemometrics, Anal. Chim. Acta 660(1/2), 227–231 (2010)
M. Garcia, M. Aleixandre, J. Gutierrez, M.C. Horrillo: Electronic nose for wine discrimination, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 113(2), 911–916 (2006)
C. Di Natale, F.A.M. Davide, A. D’Amico, P. Nelli, S. Groppelli, G. Sberveglieri: An electronic nose for the recognition of the vineyard of a red wine, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 33(1–3), 83–88 (1996)
L. Vera, M. Mestres, R. Boquo, O. Busto, J. Guasch: Use of synthetic wine for models transfer in wine analysis by HS-MS e-nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 143(2), 689–695 (2010)
J.P. Santos, J. Lozano, M. Aleixandre, T. Arroyo, J.M. Cabellos, M. Gil, Md..C. Horrillo: Threshold detection of aromatic compounds in wine with an electronic nose and a human sensory panel, Talanta 80(5), 1899–1906 (2010)
T. Aguilera, J. Lozano, J.A. Paredes, F.J. Alvarez, J.I. Suarez: Electronic nose based on independent component analysis combined with partial least squares and artificial neural networks for wine prediction, Sensors (Switzerland) 12(6), 8055–8072 (2012)
R.C. McKellar, H.P.V. Rupasinghe, X. Lu, K.P. Knight: The electronic nose as a tool for the classification of fruit and grape wines from different ontario wineries, J. Sci. Food Agricult. 85(14), 2391–2396 (2005)
C. Di Natale, F.A.M. Davide, A. D’Amico, G. Sberveglieri, P. Nelli, G. Faglia, C. Perego: Complex chemical pattern recognition with sensor array: The discrimination of vintage years of wine, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 25(1–3), 801–804 (1995)
M. Penza, G. Cassano: Chemometric characterization of italian wines by thin-film multisensors array and artificial neural networks, Food Chem. 86(2), 283–296 (2004)
J.A. Ragazzo-Sanchez, P. Chalier, D. Chevalier, M. Calderon-Santoyo, C. Ghommidh: Identification of different alcoholic beverages by electronic nose coupled to GC, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 134(1), 43–48 (2008)
T. Aishima: Discrimination of liquor aromas by pattern recognition analysis of responses from a gas sensor array, Anal. Chim. Acta 243(2), 293–300 (1991)
L. Sipos, Z. Kovacs, V. Sagi-Kiss, T. Csiki, Z. Kokai, A. Fekete, K. Heberger: Discrimination of mineral waters by electronic tongue, sensory evaluation and chemical analysis, Food Chem. 135(4), 2947–2953 (2012)
C. Zhang, K.S. Suslick: Colorimetric sensor array for soft drink analysis, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 55(2), 237–242 (2007)
H. Reinhard, F. Sager, O. Zoller: Citrus juice classification by SPME-GC-MS and electronic nose measurements, LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 41(10), 1906–1912 (2008)
E.R. Farnworth, R.C. McKellar, D. Chabot, S. Lapointe, M. Chicoine, K.P. Knight: Use of an electronic nose to study the contribution of volatiles to orange juice flavor, J. Food Qual. 25(6), 569–576 (2002)
P. Boilot, E.L. Hines, M.A. Gongora, R.S. Folland: Electronic noses inter-comparison, data fusion and sensor selection in discrimination of standard fruit solutions, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 88(1), 80–88 (2003)
J.W. Gardner, H.V. Shurmer, T.T. Tan: Application of an electronic nose to the discrimination of coffees, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 6(1–3), 71–75 (1992)
N.F. Shilbayeh, M.Z. Iskandarani: Quality control of coffee using an electronic nose system, Am. J. Appl. Sci. 1(2), 129–135 (2004)
C. Lindinger, D. Labbe, P. Pollien, A. Rytz, M.A. Juillerat, C. Yeretzian, I. Blank: When machine tastes coffee: Instrumental approach to predict the sensory profile of espresso coffee, Anal. Chem. 80(5), 1574–1581 (2008)
B.A. Suslick, L. Feng, K.S. Suslick: Discrimination of complex mixtures by a colorimetric sensor array: Coffee aromas, Anal. Chem. 82(5), 2067–2073 (2010)
J. Rodriguez, C. Duran, A. Reyes: Electronic nose for quality control of colombian coffee through the detection of defects in ’Cup tests’, Sensors 10(1), 36–46 (2010)
R. Dutta, E.L. Hines, J.W. Gardner, K.R. Kashwan, M. Bhuyan: Tea quality prediction using a tin oxide-based electronic nose: An artificial intelligence approach, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 94(2), 228–237 (2003)
R. Dutta, K.R. Kashwan, M. Bhuyan, E.L. Hines, J.W. Gardner: Electronic nose based tea quality standardization, Neural Netw. 16(5-6), 847–853 (2003)
H. Yu, J. Wang: Discrimination of longjing green-tea grade by electronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 122(1), 134–140 (2007)
H. Yu, J. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Yu, C. Yao: Identification of green tea grade using different feature of response signal from e-nose sensors, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 128(2), 455–461 (2008)
B. Tudu, A. Jana, A. Metla, D. Ghosh, N. Bhattacharyya, R. Bandyopadhyay: Electronic nose for black tea quality evaluation by an incremental RBF network, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 138(1), 90–95 (2009)
R.N. Bleibaum, H. Stone, T. Tan, S. Labreche, E. Saint-Martin, S. Isz: Comparison of sensory and consumer results with electronic nose and tongue sensors for apple juices, Food Qual. Pref. 13(6), 409–422 (2002)
S. Saevels, J. Lammertyn, A.Z. Berna, E.A. Veraverbeke, C. Di Natale, B.M. Nicolai: Electronic nose as a non-destructive tool to evaluate the optimal harvest date of apples, Postharvest Biol. Technol. 30(1), 3–14 (2003)
S. Saevels, J. Lammertyn, A.Z. Berna, E.A. Veraverbeke, C. Di Natale, B.M. Nicolai: An electronic nose and a mass spectrometry-based electronic nose for assessing apple quality during shelf life, Postharvest Biol. Technol. 31(1), 9–19 (2004)
C. Li, P. Heinemann, R. Sherry: Neural network and bayesian network fusion models to fuse electronic nose and surface acoustic wave sensor data for apple defect detection, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 125(1), 301–310 (2007)
S. Benedetti, S. Buratti, A. Spinardi, S. Mannino, I. Mignani: Electronic nose as a non-destructive tool to characterise peach cultivars and to monitor their ripening stage during shelf-life, Postharvest Biol. Technol. 47(2), 181–188 (2008)
C. Di Natale, A. Macagnano, E. Martinelli, E. Proietti, R. Paolesse, L. Castellari, S. Campani, A. D’Amico: Electronic nose based investigation of the sensorial properties of peaches and nectarines, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 77(1/2), 561–566 (2001)
J. Brezmes, E. Llobet, X. Vilanova, G. Saiz, X. Correig: Fruit ripeness monitoring using an electronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 69(3), 223–229 (2000)
S. Oshita, K. Shima, T. Haruta, Y. Seo, Y. Kawagoe, S. Nakayama, H. Takahara: Discrimination of odors emanating from ’la france’ pear by semi-conducting polymer sensors, Comput. Electron. Agricult. 26(2), 209–216 (2000)
H. Zhang, J. Wang, S. Ye: Predictions of acidity, soluble solids and firmness of pear using electronic nose technique, J. Food Eng. 86(3), 370–378 (2008)
M. Benady, J.E. Simon, D.J. Charles, G.E. Miles: Fruit ripeness determination by electronic sensing of aromatic volatiles, Trans. Am. Soc. Agricult. Eng. 38(1), 251–257 (1995)
C. Di Natale, A. Macagnano, E. Martinelli, R. Paolesse, E. Proietti, A. D’Amico: The evaluation of quality of post-harvest oranges and apples by means of an electronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 78(1–3), 26–31 (2001)
E. Llobet, E.L. Hines, J.W. Gardner, S. Franco: Non-destructive banana ripeness determination using a neural network-based electronic nose, Meas. Sci. Technol. 10(6), 538–548 (1999)
A.Z. Berna, J. Lammertryn, S. Saevels, C. Di Natale, B.M. Nicolai: Electronic nose systems to study shelf life and cultivar effect on tomato aroma profile, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 97(2/3), 324–333 (2004)
A.H. Gomez, G. Hu, J. Wang, A.G. Pereira: Evaluation of tomato maturity by electronic nose, Comput. Electron. Agricult. 54(1), 44–52 (2006)
A.H. Gomez, J. Wang, G. Hu, A.G. Pereira: Monitoring storage shelf life of tomato using electronic nose technique, J. Food Eng. 85(4), 625–631 (2008)
J. Laothawornkitkul, J.P. Moore, J.E. Taylor, M. Possell, T.D. Gibson, C.N. Hewitt, N.D. Paul: Discrimination of plant volatile signatures by an electronic nose: A potential technology for plant pest and disease monitoring, Env. Sci. Technol. 42(22), 8433–8439 (2008)
C. Li, G.W. Krewer, P. Ji, H. Scherm, S.J. Kays: Gas sensor array for blueberry fruit disease detection and classification, Postharvest Biol. Technol. 55(3), 144–149 (2010)
N. Demir, A.C.O. Ferraz, S.A. Sargent, M.O. Balaban: Classification of impacted blueberries during storage using an electronic nose, J. Sci. Food Agricult. 91(9), 1722–1727 (2011)
J.E. Simon, A. Hetzroni, B. Bordelon, G.E. Miles, D.J. Charles: Electronic sensing of aromatic volatiles for quality sorting of blueberries, J. Food Sci. 61(5), 967–970 (1996)
Z. Li, N. Wang, G.S. Vijaya Raghavan, C. Vigneault: Ripeness and rot evaluation of ’Tommy Atkins’ mango fruit through volatiles detection, J. Food Eng. 91(2), 319–324 (2009)
H. Chen, J. De Baerdemaeker: Modal analysis of the dynamic behavior of pineapples and its relation to fruit firmness, Trans. Am. Soc. Agricult. Eng. 36(5), 1439–1444 (1993)
A.H. Gomez, J. Wang, G. Hu, A.G. Pereira: Electronic nose technique potential monitoring mandarin maturity, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 113(1), 347–353 (2006)
E.Z. Panagou, N. Sahgal, N. Magan, G.J.E. Nychas: Table olives volatile fingerprints: Potential of an electronic nose for quality discrimination, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 134(2), 902–907 (2008)
H.M. Solis-Solis, M. Calderon-Santoyo, P. Gutierrez-Martinez, S. Schorr-Galindo, J.A. Ragazzo-Sanchez: Discrimination of eight varieties of apricot (prunus armeniaca) by electronic nose, lle and spme using gc-ms and multivariate analysis, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 125(2), 415–421 (2007)
E. Gatti, B.G. Defilippi, S. Predieri, R. Infante: Apricot (prunus armeniaca l.) quality and breeding perspectives, J. Food, Agricult. Env. 7(3-4), 573–580 (2009)
K.T. Tang, S.W. Chiu, C.H. Pan, H.Y. Hsieh, Y.S. Liang, S.C. Liu: Development of a portable electronic nose system for the detection and classification of fruity odors, Sensors (Switzerland) 10(10), 9179–9193 (2010)
S. Vallone, N.W. Lloyd, S.E. Ebeler, F. Zakharov: Fruit volatile analysis using an electronic nose, J. Vis. Exp (61, e3821 2012)
S. Ampuero, J.O. Bosset: The electronic nose applied to dairy products: A review, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 94(1), 1–12 (2003)
W.A. Collier, D.B. Baird, Z.A. Park-Ng, N. More, A.L. Hart: Discrimination among milks and cultured dairy products using screen-printed electrochemical arrays and an electronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 92(1/2), 232–239 (2003)
S. Capone, M. Epifani, F. Quaranta, P. Siciliano, A. Taurino, L. Vasanelli: Monitoring of rancidity of milk by means of an electronic nose and a dynamic PCA analysis, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 78(1–3), 174–179 (2001)
S. Labreche, S. Bazzo, S. Cade, E. Chanie: Shelf life determination by electronic nose: Application to milk, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 106(1), 199–206 (2005)
K. Brudzewski, S. Osowki, T. Markiewicz: Classification of milk by means of an electronic nose and SVM neural network, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 98(2/3), 291–298 (2004)
J.E. Haugen, K. Rudi, S. Langsrud, S. Bredholt: Application of gas-sensor array technology for detection and monitoring of growth of spoilage bacteria in milk: A model study, Anal. Chim. Acta 565(1), 10–16 (2006)
R.T. Marsili: Spme-ms-mva as an electronic nose for the study of off-flavors in milk, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 47(2), 648–654 (1999)
R.T. Marsili: Shelf-life prediction of processed milk by solid-phase microextraction, mass spectrometry, and multivariate analysis, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 48(8), 3470–3475 (2000)
N. Magan, A. Pavlou, I. Chrysanthakis: Milk-sense: A volatile sensing system recognizes spoilage bacteria and yeasts in milk, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 72(1), 28–34 (2001)
M. Brambjlla, M. Guarino, P. Navarotto: Electronic nose approach to monitor UHT milk quality: A case study, Applicazione del naso elettronico per controllo qualità del latte a lunga conservazione 46(469), 540–544 (2007)
W. Li, F.S. Hosseinian, A. Tsopmo, J.K. Friel, T. Beta: Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and aroma quality of breast milk, Nutrition 25(1), 105–114 (2009)
B. Wang, S. Xu, D.W. Sun: Application of the electronic nose to the identification of different milk flavorings, Food Res. Int. 43(1), 255–262 (2010)
A. Biolatto, G. Grigioni, M. Irurueta, A.M. Sancho, M. Taverna, N. Pensel: Seasonal variation in the odour characteristics of whole milk powder, Food Chem. 103(3), 960–967 (2007)
V.G. Sangam, M. Sandesh, S. Krishna, S. Mahadevanna: Design of simple instrumentation for the quality analysis of milk (casein analysis), Sci. Technol. 119, 65–71 (2010)
S. Benedetti, N. Sinelli, S. Buratti, M. Riva: Shelf life of crescenza cheese as measured by electronic nose, J. Dairy Sci. 88(9), 3044–3051 (2005)
O. Gursoy, P. Somervuo, T. Alatossava: Preliminary study of ion mobility based electronic nose MGD-1 for discrimination of hard cheeses, J. Food Eng. 92(2), 202–207 (2009)
J. Trihaas, P.V. Nielsen: Electronic nose technology in quality assessment: Monitoring the ripening process of danish blue cheese, J. Food Sci. 70(1), E44–E49 (2005)
E. Schaller, J.O. Bosset, F. Escher: Feasibility study: Detection of rind taste off-flavour in swiss emmental cheese using an electroinc nose and a GC-MS, Mitteil. Lebensm. Hyg. 91(5), 610–615 (2000)
P.J. O’Riordan, C.M. Delahunty: Characterisation of commercial cheddar cheese flavour. 1: Traditional and electronic nose approach to quality assessment and market classification, Int. Dairy J. 13(5), 355–370 (2003)
K.D. Jou, W.J. Harper: Pattern recognition of swiss cheese aroma compounds by spme/gc and an electronic nose, Milchwissenschaft 53(5), 259–263 (1998)
L. Pillonel, S. Ampuero, R. Tabacchi, J.O. Bosset: Analytical methods for the determination of the geographic origin of emmental cheese: Volatile compounds by gc/ms-fid and electronic nose, Eur. Food Res. Technol. 216(2), 179–183 (2003)
K. Karlshoj, P.V. Nielsen, T.O. Larsen: Differentiation of closely related fungi by electronic nose analysis, J. Food Sci. 72(6), M187–M192 (2007)
S. Benedetti, P.M. Toppino, M. Riva: Shelf life of packed taleggio cheese. 2. Valuation by an electronic nose, Scienza e Tecnica Lattiero-Casearia 53, 259–282 (2002)
S. Irmler, M.L. Heusler, S. Raboud, H. Schlichtherle-Cerny, M.G. Casey, E. Eugster-Meier: Rapid volatile metabolite profiling of lactobacillus casei strains: Selection of flavour producing cultures, Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 61(2), 123–127 (2006)
V.F. Pais, J.A.B.P. Oliveira, M.T.S.R. Gomes: An electronic nose based on coated piezoelectric quartz crystals to certify ewes’ cheese and to discriminate between cheese varieties, Sensors 12(2), 1422–1436 (2012)
H.D. Sapirstein, S. Siddhu, M. Aliani: Discrimination of volatiles of refined and whole wheat bread containing red and white wheat bran using an electronic nose, J. Food Sci. 77(11), S399–S406 (2012)
Q. Zhang, S. Zhang, C. Xie, C. Fan, Z. Bai: ’sensory analysis’ of chinese vinegars using an electronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 128(2), 586–593 (2008)
M.S. Cosio, S. Buratti, S. Mannino, S. Benedetti: Use of an electrochemical method to evaluate the antioxidant activity of herb extracts from the labiatae family, Food Chem. 97(4), 725–731 (2006)
W. Li, J. Friel, T. Beta: An evaluation of the antioxidant properties and aroma quality of infant cereals, Food Chem. 121(4), 1095–1102 (2010)
U. Banach, C. Tiebe, T. Hubert: Multigas sensors for the quality control of spice mixtures, Food Control 26(1), 23–27 (2012)
H. Zhang, M. Balaban, K. Portier, C.A. Sims: Quantification of spice mixture compositions by electronic nose: Part ii. Comparison with gc and sensory methods, J. Food Sci. 70(4), E259–E264 (2005)
A. Jonsson, F. Winquist, J. Schnurer, H. Sundgren, I. Lundstrom: Electronic nose for microbial quality classification of grains, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 35(2), 187–193 (1997)
T. Borjesson, T. Eklov, A. Jonsson, H. Sundgren, J. Schnurer: Electronic nose for odor classification of grains, Cereal Chem. 73(4), 457–461 (1996)
X.Z. Zheng, Y.B. Lan, J.M. Zhu, J. Westbrook, W.C. Hoffmann, R.E. Lacey: Rapid identification of rice samples using an electronic nose, J. Bionic Eng. 6(3), 290–297 (2009)
M.J. Lerma-Garcia, E.F. Simo-Alfonso, A. Bendini, L. Cerretani: Metal oxide semiconductor sensors for monitoring of oxidative status evolution and sensory analysis of virgin olive oils with different phenolic content, Food Chem. 117(4), 608–614 (2009)
S. Mildner-Szkudlarz, H.H. Jelen: Detection of olive oil adulteration with rapeseed and sunflower oils using mos electronic nose and SMPE-MS, J. Food Quality 33(1), 21–41 (2010)
M. Cano, J. Roales, P. Castillero, P. Mendoza, A.M. Calero, C. Jimenez-Ot, J.M. Pedrosa: Improving the training and data processing of an electronic olfactory system for the classification of virgin olive oil into quality categories, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 160(1), 916–922 (2011)
S.M. van Ruth, M. Rozijn, A. Koot, R.P. Garcia, H. van der Kamp, R. Codony: Authentication of feeding fats: Classification of animal fats, fish oils and recycled cooking oils, Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 155(1), 65–73 (2010)
E.J. Hong, S.J. Park, J.Y. Choi, B.S. Noh: Discrimination of palm olein oil and palm stearin oil mixtures using a mass spectrometry based electronic nose, Food Sci. Biotechnol. 20(3), 809–816 (2011)
A.M. Marina, Y.B.C. Man, I. Amin: Use of the saw sensor electronic nose for detecting the adulteration of virgin coconut oil with RBD palm kernel olein, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 87(3), 263–270 (2010)
C.J. Musto, S.H. Lim, K.S. Suslick: Colorimetric detection and identification of natural and artificial sweeteners, Anal. Chem. 81(15), 6526–6533 (2009)
S. Ampuero, S. Bogdanov, J.O. Bosset: Classification of unifloral honeys with an MS-based electronic nose using different sampling modes: SHS, SPME and INDEX, Eur. Food Res. Technol. 218(2), 198–207 (2004)
B. Plutowska, T. Chmiel, T. Dymerski, W. Wardencki: A headspace solid-phase microextraction method development and its application in the determination of volatiles in honeys by gas chromatography, Food Chem. 126(3), 1288–1298 (2011)
F. Čačić, L. Primorac, D. Kenjerić, S. Benedetti, M.L. Mandić: Application of electronic nose in honey geographical origin characterisation, J. Central Eur. Agricult. 10(1), 19–26 (2009)
S. Benedetti, S. Mannino, A.G. Sabatini, G.L. Marcazzan: Electronic nose and neural network use for the classification of honey, Apidologie 35(4), 397–402 (2004)
S. Ghidini, C. Mercanti, E. Dalcanale, R. Pinalli, P.G. Bracchi: Italian honey authentication, Ann. Fac. Medic. Vet. di Parma 28, 113–120 (2008)
J.J. Beck, B.S. Higbee, G.B. Merrill, J.N. Roitman: Comparison of volatile emissions from undamaged and mechanically damaged almonds, J. Sci. Food Agricult. 88(8), 1363–1368 (2008)
B. Hivert, M. Hoummady, P. Mielle, G. Mauvais, J.M. Henrioud, D. Hauden: A fast and reproducible method for gas sensor screening to flavour compounds, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 27(1–3), 242–245 (1995)
R. Baranauskien, E. Bylait, J. Ukaukait, R.P. Venskutonis: Flavor retention of peppermint (mentha piperita l.) essential oil spray-dried in modified starches during encapsulation and storage, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 55(8), 3027–3036 (2007)
Y. Yin, H. Yu, H. Zhang: A feature extraction method based on wavelet packet analysis for discrimination of chinese vinegars using a gas sensors array, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 134(2), 1005–1009 (2008)
V.O.S. Olunloyo, T.A. Ibidapo, R.R. Dinrifo: Neural network-based electronic nose for cocoa beans quality assessment, Agricult. Eng. Int. CIGR J. 13(4), 1–12 (2011)
A. Scarpa, S. Bernardi, L. Fachechi, F. Olimpico, M. Passamano, S. Greco: Polypyrrole polymers used for 2,4,6-trichloroanisole discrimination in cork stoppers by libranose, Proc. 11th Meet. Chem. Soc. (2006)
I.A. Casalinuovo, D. Di Pierro, M. Coletta, P. Di Francesco: Application of electronic noses for disease diagnosis and food spoilage detection, Sensors 6(11), 1428–1439 (2006)
N. Magan, P. Evans: Volatiles as an indicator of fungal activity and differentiation between species, and the potential use of electronic nose technology for early detection of grain spoilage, J. Stored Prod. Res. 36(4), 319–340 (2000)
N. Sahgal, R. Needham, F.J. Cabanes, N. Magan: Potential for detection and discrimination between mycotoxigenic and non-toxigenic spoilage moulds using volatile production patterns: A review, Food Addit. Contamin. 24(10), 1161–1168 (2007)
E. Gobbi, M. Falasconi, E. Torelli, G. Sberveglieri: Electronic nose predicts high and low fumonisin contamination in maize cultures, Food Res. Int. 44(4), 992–999 (2011)
F.S. Ligler, C.R. Taitt, L.C. Shriver-Lake, K.E. Sapsford, Y. Shubin, J.P. Golden: Array biosensor for detection of toxins, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 377(3), 469–477 (2003)
F. Cheli, A. Campagnoli, L. Pinotti, G. Savoini, V. Dell’Orto: Electronic nose for determination of aflatoxins in maize, Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Env. 13, 39–43 (2009)
F. Cheli, L. Pinotti, A. Campagnoli, E. Fusi, R. Rebucci, A. Baldi: Mycotoxin analysis, mycotoxin-producing fungi assays and mycotoxin toxicity bioassays in food mycotoxin monitoring and surveillance, Ital. J. Food Sci. 20(4), 447–462 (2008)
A.J. de Lucca, S.M. Boue, C. Carter-Wientjes, D. Bhatnagar: Volatile profiles and aflatoxin production by toxigenic and non-toxigenic isolates of aspergillus flavus grown on sterile and non-sterile cracked corn, Ann. Agricult. Env. Med. 19(1), 91–98 (2012)
A. Campagnoli, V. Dell’Orto, G. Savoini, F. Cheli: Screening cereals quality by electronic nose: The example of mycotoxins naturally contaminated maize and durum wheat, AIP Conf. Proc. 1137, 507–510 (2009)
D. Abramson, R. Hulasare, R.K. York, N.D.G. White, D.S. Jayas: Mycotoxins, ergosterol, and odor volatiles in durum wheat during granary storage at 16% and 20% moisture content, J. Stored Prod. Res. 41(1), 67–76 (2005)
R. Doraiswami, M. Manoharan: Nano bio embedded fludic substrates: System level integration for food safety, Proc. Electron. Compon. Technol. Conf. (2006) pp. 158–160
J. Perkowski, M. Busko, J. Chmielewski, T. Goral, B. Tyrakowska: Content of trichodiene and analysis of fungal volatiles (electronic nose) in wheat and triticale grain naturally infected and inoculated with fusarium culmorum, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 126(1/2), 127–134 (2008)
D.S. Presicce, A. Forleo, A.M. Taurino, M. Zuppa, P. Siciliano, B. Laddomada, A. Logrieco, A. Visconti: Response evaluation of an e-nose towards contaminated wheat by fusarium poae fungi, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 118(1/2), 433–438 (2006)
A. Campagnoli, F. Cheli, C. Polidori, M. Zaninelli, O. Zecca, G. Savoini, L. Pinotti, V. Dell’Orto: Use of the electronic nose as a screening tool for the recognition of durum wheat naturally contaminated by deoxynivalenol: A preliminary approach, Sensors 11(5), 4899–4916 (2011)
G. Tognon, A. Campagnoli, L. Pinotti, V. Dell’Orto, F. Cheli: Implementation of the electronic nose for the identification of mycotoxins in durum wheat (triticum durum), Veterinary Research Communications 29(2), 391–393 (2005)
F.J. Cabanes, N. Sahgal, M.R. Bragulat, N. Magan: Early discrimination of fungal species responsible of ochratoxin a contamination of wine and other grape products using an electronic nose, Mycotoxin Res. 25(4), 187–192 (2009)
K. Tuovinen, M. Kolehmainen, H. Paakkanen: Determination and identification of pesticides from liquid matrices using ion mobility spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta 429(2), 257–268 (2001)
C. Wongchoosuk, A. Wisitsoraat, A. Tuantranont, T. Kerdcharoen: Portable electronic nose based on carbon nanotube-SNO2 gas sensors and its application for detection of methanol contamination in whiskeys, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 147(2), 392–399 (2010)
A. Hilding-Ohlsson, J.A. Fauerbach, N.J. Sacco, M.C. Bonetto, E. Corton: Voltamperometric discrimination of urea and melamine adulterated skimmed milk powder, Sensors (Switzerland) 12(9), 12220–12234 (2012)
S. Ampuero, T. Zesiger, V. Gustafsson, A. Lunden, J.O. Bosset: Determination of trimethylamine in milk using an ms based electronic nose, Eur. Food Res. Technol. 214(2), 163–167 (2002)
S. Zhang, C. Xie, Z. Bai, M. Hu, H. Li, D. Zeng: Spoiling and formaldehyde-containing detections in octopus with an e-nose, Food Chem. 113(4), 1346–1350 (2009)
G. Keshri, M. Challen, T. Elliott, N. Magan: Differentiation of agaricus species and other homobasidiomycetes based on volatile production patterns using an electronic nose system, Mycol. Res. 107(5), 609–613 (2003)
S. Balasubramanian, S. Panigrahi, C.M. Logue, M. Marchello, J.S. Sherwood: Identification of salmonella-inoculated beef using a portable electronic nose system, J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. 13(2), 71–95 (2005)
L.R. Khot, S. Panigrahi, P. Sengupta: Development and evaluation of chemoresistive polymer sensors for low concentration detection of volatile organic compounds related to food safety applications, Sens. Instrum. Food Qual. Saf. 4(1), 20–34 (2010)
P. Bhattacharjee, S. Panigrahi, D. Lin, C.M. Logue, J.S. Sherwood, C. Doetkott, M. Marchello: Study of headspace gases associated with salmonella contamination of sterile beef in vials using HS-SPME/GC-MS, Trans. ASABE 53(1), 173–181 (2010)
S. Balasubramanian, S. Panigrahi, C.M. Logue, C. Doetkott, M. Marchello, J.S. Sherwood: Independent component analysis-processed electronic nose data for predicting salmonella typhimurium populations in contaminated beef, Food Control 19(3), 236–246 (2008)
U. Siripatrawan, J.E. Linz, B.R. Harte: Detection of escherichia coli in packaged alfalfa sprouts with an electronic nose and an artificial neural network, J. Food Prot. 69(8), 1844–1850 (2006)
U. Siripatrawan, J.E. Linz, B.R. Harte: Electronic sensor array coupled with artificial neural network for detection of salmonella typhimurium, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 119(1), 64–69 (2006)
U. Siripatrawan: Rapid differentiation between e. Coli and salmonella typhimurium using metal oxide sensors integrated with pattern recognition, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 133(2), 414–419 (2008)
U. Siripatrawan, J.E. Linz, B.R. Harte: Rapid method for prediction of escherichia coli numbers using an electronic sensor array and an artificial neural network, J. Food Prot. 67(8), 1604–1609 (2004)
U. Siripatrawan: Self-organizing algorithm for classification of packaged fresh vegetable potentially contaminated with foodborne pathogens, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 128(2), 435–441 (2008)
S. Younts, E. Alocilja, W. Osburn, S. Marquie, J. Gray, D. Grooms: Experimental use of a gas sensor-based instrument for differentiation of escherichia coli o157:H7 from non-o157:H7 escherichia coli field isolates, J. Food Prot. 66(8), 1455–1458 (2003)
J.W.T. Yates, J.W. Gardner, M.J. Chappell, C.S. Dow: Identification of bacterial pathogens using quadrupole mass spectrometer data and radial basis function neural networks, IEE Proc. Sci. Meas. Technol. 152(3), 97–102 (2005)
P.P. Banada, K. Huff, E. Bae, B. Rajwa, A. Aroonnual, B. Bayraktar, A. Adil, J.P. Robinson, E.D. Hirleman, A.K. Bhunia: Label-free detection of multiple bacterial pathogens using light-scattering sensor, Biosens. Bioelectron. 24(6), 1685–1692 (2009)
S. Balasubramanian, S. Panigrahi, B. Kottapalli, C.E. Wolf-Hall: Evaluation of an artificial olfactory system for grain quality discrimination, LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 40(10), 1815–1825 (2007)
M. Falasconi, E. Gobbi, M. Pardo, M. Della Torre, A. Bresciani, G. Sberveglieri: Detection of toxigenic strains of fusarium verticillioides in corn by electronic olfactory system, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 108(1/2), 250–257 (2005)
G. Hui, Y. Ni: Investigation of moldy corn fast detection based on signal-to-noise ratio spectrum analysis technique, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Trans. Chin. Soc. Agricult. Eng. 27(3), 336–340 (2011)
J. Eifler, E. Martinelli, M. Santonico, R. Capuano, D. Schild, C. Di Natale: Differential detection of potentially hazardous fusarium species in wheat grains by an electronic nose, Plos One 6(6), e21026 (2011)
G. Keshri, N. Magan: Detection and differentiation between mycotoxigenic and non-mycotoxigenic strains of two fusarium spp. Using volatile mycotoxigenic strains of two production profiles and hydrolytic enzymes, J. Appl. Microbiol. 89(5), 825–833 (2000)
R.W. Sneath, K.C. Persaud: Correlating electronic nose and sensory panel data. In: Handbook of Machine Olfaction: Electronic Nose Technology, ed. by T.C. Pearce, S.S. Schiffman, H.T. Nagle, J.W. Gardner (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2004)
S. Benedetti, C. Pompei, S. Mannino: Comparison of an electronic nose with the sensory evaluation of food products by ’Triangle test’, Electroanalysis 16(21), 1801–1805 (2004)
R. Haddad, A. Medhanie, Y. Roth, D. Harel, N. Sobel: Predicting odor pleasantness with an electronic nose, PLoS Comput Biol 6(4), e1000740 (2010)
J. Van Durme, T. Van Elst, H. Van Langenhove: Analytical challenges in odour measurement: Linking human nose with advanced analytical techniques, Chem. Eng. Trans. 23, 61–65 (2010)
P. Mielle: ’Electronic noses’: Towards the objective instrumental characterization of food aroma, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 7(12), 432–438 (1996)
K. Persaud, G. Dodd: Analysis of discrimination mechanisms in the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose, Nature 299(5881), 352–355 (1982)
H. Ulmer, J. Mitrovics, G. Noetzel, U. Weimar, W. Gopel: Odours and flavours identified with hybrid modular sensor systems, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 43(1–3), 24–33 (1997)
K. Brudzewski, S. Osowski, J. Ulaczyk: Differential electronic nose of two chemo sensor arrays for odor discrimination, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 145(1), 246–249 (2010)
M.C. Burl, B.J. Doleman, A. Schaffer, N.S. Lewis: Assessing the ability to predict human percepts of odor quality from the detector responses of a conducting polymer composite-based electronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 72(2), 149–159 (2001)
S. Ohmori, Y. Ohno, T. Makino, T. Kashihara: Application of an electronic nose system for evaluation of unpleasant odor in coated tablets, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 59(2), 289–297 (2005)
M. Trincavelli, S. Coradeschi, A. Loutfi: Odour classification system for continuous monitoring applications, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 139(2), 265–273 (2009)
T. Hofmann, P. Schieberle, C. Krummel, A. Freiling, J. Bock, L. Heinert, D. Kohl: High resolution gas chromatography/selective odorant measurement by multisensor array (hrgc/somsa): A useful approach to standardise multisensor arrays for use in the detection of key food odorants, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 41(1–3), 81–87 (1997)
K. Fujioka, M. Shirasu, Y. Manome, N. Ito, S. Kakishima, T. Minami, T. Tominaga, F. Shimozono, T. Iwamoto, K. Ikeda, K. Yamamoto, J. Murata, Y. Tomizawa: Objective display and discrimination of floral odors from amorphophallus titanum, bloomed on different dates and at different locations, using an electronic nose, Sensors 12(2), 2152–2161 (2012)
N. Bhattacharya, B. Tudu, A. Jana, D. Ghosh, R. Bandhopadhyaya, M. Bhuyan: Preemptive identification of optimum fermentation time for black tea using electronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 131(1), 110–116 (2008)
N. Bhattacharyya, S. Seth, B. Tudu, P. Tamuly, A. Jana, D. Ghosh, R. Bandyopadhyay, M. Bhuyan: Monitoring of black tea fermentation process using electronic nose, J. Food Eng. 80(4), 1146–1156 (2007)
N. Bhattacharyya, S. Seth, B. Tudu, P. Tamuly, A. Jana, D. Ghosh, R. Bandyopadhyay, M. Bhuyan, S. Sabhapandit: Detection of optimum fermentation time for black tea manufacturing using electronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 122(2), 627–634 (2007)
M. Navratil, C. Cimander, C.F. Mandenius: On-line multisensor monitoring of yogurt and filmjolk fermentations on production scale, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 52(3), 415–420 (2004)
C. Cimander, M. Carlsson, C.F. Mandenius: Sensor fusion for on-line monitoring of yoghurt fermentation, J. Biotechnol. 99(3), 237–248 (2002)
P. Pani, A.A. Leva, M. Riva, A. Maestrelli, D. Torreggiani: Influence of an osmotic pre-treatment on structure-property relationships of air-dehydrated tomato slices, J. Food Eng. 86(1), 105–112 (2008)
Z. Li, G.S.V. Raghavan, N. Wang: Carrot volatiles monitoring and control in microwave drying, LWT - Food Science and Technology 43(2), 291–297 (2010)
R. Infante, P. Rubio, L. Contador, V. Moreno: Effect of drying process on lemon verbena (lippia citrodora kunth) aroma and infusion sensory quality, Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 45(1), 75–80 (2010)
M. Brambilla, P. Navarotto: Application of e-nose technology for ultra-high temperature processed partly skimmed milk production batches monitoring, Chem. Eng. Trans. 23, 171–176 (2010)
M. Brambilla, P. Navarotto, M. Guarino: Case study of the monitoring of ultra-high temperature processed partly skimmed milk production batches by means of an electronic nose, Trans. ASABE 52(3), 853–858 (2009)
P. Mielle, F. Marquis: One-sensor electronic olfactometer for rapid sorting of fresh fruit juices, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 76(1–3), 470–476 (2001)
A. Ponzoni, A. Depari, M. Falasconi, E. Comini, A. Flammini, D. Marioli, A. Taroni, G. Sberveglieri: Bread baking aromas detection by low-cost electronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 130(1), 100–104 (2008)
S. Romani, C. Cevoli, A. Fabbri, L. Alessandrini, M. Dalla Rosa: Evaluation of coffee roasting degree by using electronic nose and artificial neural network for off-line quality control, J. Food Sci. 77(9), C960–C965 (2012)
C. Zondervan, S. Muresan, H.G. De Jonge, E.U.T. Van Velzen, C. Wilkinson, H.H. Nijhuis, T. Leguijt: Controlling maillard reactions in the heating process of blockmilk using an electronic nose, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 47(11), 4746–4749 (1999)
S. Benedetti, S. Drusch, S. Mannino: Monitoring of autoxidation in lcpufa-enriched lipid microparticles by electronic nose and SPME-GCMS, Talanta 78(4/5), 1266–1271 (2009)
S. Pastorelli, L. Torri, A. Rodriguez, S. Valzacchi, S. Limbo, C. Simoneau: Solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME-GC) and sensors as rapid methods for monitoring lipid oxidation in nuts, Food Addit. Contamin. 24(11), 1219–1225 (2007)
G.M. Grigioni, C.A. Margaria, N.A. Pensel, G. Sanchez, S.R. Vaudagna: Warmed-over flavour analysis in low temperature-long time processed meat by an ’Electronic nose’, Meat Sci. 56(3), 221–228 (2000)
G. Echeverria, J. Graell, M.L. Lopez, J. Brezmes, X. Correig: Volatile production in ’Fuji’ Apples stored under different atmospheres measured by headspace/gas chromatography and electronic nose, Acta Hort 682, 1465–1470 (2005)
J.S. Vestergaard, M. Martens, P. Turkki: Application of an electronic nose system for prediction of sensory quality changes of a meat product (pizza topping) during storage, LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 40(6), 1095–1101 (2007)
N. Shen, S. Moizuddin, L. Wilson, S. Duvick, P. White, L. Pollak: Relationship of electronic nose analyses and sensory evaluation of vegetable oils during storage, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78(9), 937–940 (2001)
L. Torri, N. Sinelli, S. Limbo: Shelf life evaluation of fresh-cut pineapple by using an electronic nose, Postharvest Biol. Technol. 56(3), 239–245 (2010)
J. Brezmes, E. Llobet, X. Vilanova, J. Orts, G. Saiz, X. Correig: Correlation between electronic nose signals and fruit quality indicators on shelf-life measurements with pinklady apples, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 80(1), 41–50 (2001)
H. Zhang, J. Wang: Detection of age and insect damage incurred by wheat, with an electronic nose, J. Stored Prod. Res. 43(4), 489–495 (2007)
H. Zhang, J. Wang, X. Tian, H. Yu, Y. Yu: Optimization of sensor array and detection of stored duration of wheat by electronic nose, J. Food Eng. 82(4), 403–408 (2007)
J. Gruber, H.M. Nascimento, E.Y. Yamauchi, R.W.C. Li, C.H.A. Esteves, G.P. Rehder, C.C. Gaylarde, M.A. Shirakawa: A conductive polymer based electronic nose for early detection of penicillium digitatum in post-harvest oranges, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 33(5), 2766–2769 (2013)
F. Pallottino, C. Costa, F. Antonucci, M.C. Strano, M. Calandra, S. Solaini, P. Menesatti: Electronic nose application for determination of penicillium digitatum in valencia oranges, J. Sci. Food Agricult. 92(9), 2008–2012 (2012)
M. Falasconi, I. Concina, E. Gobbi, V. Sberveglieri, A. Pulvirenti, G. Sberveglieri: Electronic nose for microbiological quality control of food products, Int. J. Electrochem. 2012, 1–12 (2012)
S. Isoppo, P. Cornale, S. Barbera: The electronic nose: A protocol to evaluate fresh meat flavor, AIP Conf. Proc. 1137, 432–434 (2009)
V. Vernat-Rossi, C. Garcia, R. Talon, C. Denoyer, J.L. Berdague: Rapid discrimination of meat products and bacterial strains using semiconductor gas sensors, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 37(1/2), 43–48 (1996)
J.L. Berdague, T. Talou: Examples of semiconductor gas sensors applied to meat products, Sci. Aliments 13, 141–148 (1993)
S. Sankaran, S. Panigrahi, C. Young: Evaluation of nanostructured novel sensing material for food contamination applications, ASAE Annu. Meet., Vol. 8 (2007)
X. Tang, X. Sun, V.C.H. Wu, J. Xie, Y. Pan, Y. Zhao, P.K. Malakar: Predicting shelf-life of chilled pork sold in china, Food Control 32(1), 334–340 (2013)
K.M. Horvath, Z. Seregely, I. Dalmadi, E. Andrassy, J. Farkas: Estimation of bacteriological spoilage of pork cutlets by electronic nose, Acta Microbiol. Immunol. Hung. 54(2), 179–194 (2007)
X. Hong, J. Wang: Discrimination and prediction of pork freshness by e-nose, IFIP Adv. Inf. Commun. Technol. (AICT), Vol. 370 (2012) pp. 1–14
X.Y. Tian, Q. Cai, Y.M. Zhang: Rapid classification of hairtail fish and pork freshness using an electronic nose based on the pca method, Sensors 12(1), 260–277 (2012)
D. Wang, X. Wang, T. Liu, Y. Liu: Prediction of total viable counts on chilled pork using an electronic nose combined with support vector machine, Meat Sci. 90(2), 373–377 (2012)
S. Panigrahi, S. Balasubramanian, H. Gu, C. Logue, M. Marchello: Neural-network-integrated electronic nose system for identification of spoiled beef, LWT – Food Sci. Technol. 39(2), 135–145 (2006)
S. Panigrahi, S. Balasubramanian, H. Gu, C.M. Logue, M. Marchello: Design and development of a metal oxide based electronic nose for spoilage classification of beef, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 119(1), 2–14 (2006)
S. Balasubramanian, S. Panigrahi, C.M. Logue, H. Gu, M. Marchello: Neural networks-integrated metal oxide-based artificial olfactory system for meat spoilage identification, J. Food Eng. 91(1), 91–98 (2009)
N. El Barbri, E. Llobet, N. El Bari, X. Correig, B. Bouchikhi: Electronic nose based on metal oxide semiconductor sensors as an alternative technique for the spoilage classification of red meat, Sensors 8(1), 142–156 (2008)
X. Hong, J. Wang, Z. Hai: Discrimination and prediction of multiple beef freshness indexes based on electronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 161(1), 381–389 (2012)
O.S. Papadopoulou, E.Z. Panagou, F.R. Mohareb, G.J.E. Nychas: Sensory and microbiological quality assessment of beef fillets using a portable electronic nose in tandem with support vector machine analysis, Food Res. Int. 50(1), 241–249 (2013)
T. Hansen, M.A. Petersen, D.V. Byrne: Sensory based quality control utilising an electronic nose and GC-MS analyses to predict end-product quality from raw materials, Meat Sci. 69(4), 621–634 (2005)
E. Borch, M.L. Kant-Muermans, Y. Blixt: Bacterial spoilage of meat and cured meat products, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 33(1), 103–120 (1996)
S. Limbo, L. Torri, N. Sinelli, L. Franzetti, E. Casiraghi: Evaluation and predictive modeling of shelf life of minced beef stored in high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging at different temperatures, Meat Sci. 84(1), 129–136 (2010)
F. Winquist, E.G. Hornsten, H. Sundgren, I. Lundstrom: Performance of an electronic nose for quality estimation of ground meat, Meas. Sci. Technol. 4(12), 1493–1500 (1993)
Y. Blixt, E. Borch: Using an electronic nose for determining the spoilage of vacuum-packaged beef, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 46(2), 123–134 (1999)
C. Di Natale, J.A.J. Brunink, F. Bungaro, F. Davide, A. D’Amico, R. Paolesse, T. Boschi, M. Faccio, G. Ferri: Recognition of fish storage time by a metalloporphyrins-coated QMB sensor array, Meas. Sci. Technol. 7(8), 1103–1114 (1996)
J. Chantarachoti, A.C.M. Oliveira, B.H. Himelbloom, C.A. Crapo, D.G. McLachlan: Portable electronic nose for detection of spoiling alaska pink salmon (oncorhynchus gorbuscha), J. Food Sci. 71(5), S414–S421 (2006)
W.X. Du, C.M. Lin, T. Huang, J. Kim, M. Marshall, C.I. Wei: Potential application of the electronic nose for quality assessment of salmon fillets under various storage conditions, J. Food Sci. 67(1), 307–313 (2002)
S. Limbo, N. Sinelli, L. Torri, M. Riva: Freshness decay and shelf life predictive modelling of european sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax) applying chemical methods and electronic nose, LWT - Food Science and Technology 42(5), 977–984 (2009)
W. Yongwei, J. Wang, B. Zhou, Q. Lu: Monitoring storage time and quality attribute of egg based on electronic nose, Anal. Chim. Acta 650(2), 183–188 (2009)
M. Liu, L. Pan, K. Tu, P. Liu: Determination of egg freshness during shelf life with electronic nose, Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao/Trans. Chin. Soc. Agricult. Eng. 26(4), 317–321 (2010)
M. Suman, G. Riani, E. Dalcanale: Mos-based artificial olfactory system for the assessment of egg products freshness, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 125(1), 40–47 (2007)
R. Dutta, E.L. Hines, J.W. Gardner, D.D. Udrea, P. Boilot: Non-destructive egg freshness determination: An electronic nose based approach, Meas. Sci. Technol. 14(2), 190–198 (2003)
I. Concina, M. Falasconi, E. Gobbi, F. Bianchi, M. Musci, M. Mattarozzi, M. Pardo, A. Mangia, M. Careri, G. Sbeveglieri: Early detection of microbial contamination in processed tomato by electronic nose, Food Control 20, 837–880 (2009)
V. Rossi, R. Talon, J.L. Berdague: Rapid discrimination of micrococcaceae species using semiconductor gas sensors, J. Microbiol. Methods 24(2), 183–190 (1995)
E. Gobbi, M. Falasconi, I. Concina, G. Mantero, F. Bianchi, M. Mattarozzi, M. Musci, G. Sberveglieri: Electronic nose and alicyclobacillus spp. Spoilage of fruit juices: An emerging diagnostic tool, Food Control 21(10), 1374–1382 (2010)
E.T. Champagne, J.F. Thompson, K.L. Bett-Garber, R. Mutters, J.A. Miller, E. Tan: Impact of storage of freshly harvested paddy rice on milled white rice flavor, Cereal Chem. 81(4), 444–449 (2004)
B.P.J. de Lacy Costello, R.J. Ewen, H. Gunson, N.M. Ratcliffe, P.S. Sivanand, P.T.N. Spencer-Phillips: A prototype sensor system for the early detection of microbially linked spoilage in stored wheat grain, Meas. Sci. Technol. 14(4), 397–409 (2003)
T.A. Emadi, C. Shafai, D.J. Thomson, M.S. Freund, N.D.G. White, D.S. Jayas: Polymer-based chemicapacitor sensor for 1-octanol and relative humidity detections at different temperatures and frequencies, IEEE Sens. J. 13(2), 519–527 (2013)
A. Kubiak, T. Wenzl, F. Ulberth: Evaluation of the quality of postharvest rapeseed by means of an electronic nose, J. Sci. Food Agricult. 92(10), 2200–2206 (2012)
R. Needham, J. Williams, N. Beales, P. Voysey, N. Magan: Early detection and differentiation of spoilage of bakery products, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 106(1), 20–23 (2005)
M. Vinaixa, S. Marin, J. Brezmes, E. Llobet, X. Vilanova, X. Correig, A. Ramos, V. Sanchis: Early detection of fungal growth in bakery products by use of an electronic nose based on mass spectrometry, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 52(20), 6068–6074 (2004)
S. Marin, M. Vinaixa, J. Brezmes, E. Llobet, X. Vilanova, X. Correig, A.J. Ramos, V. Sanchis: Use of a ms-electronic nose for prediction of early fungal spoilage of bakery products, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 114(1), 10–16 (2007)
G. Keshri, P. Voysey, N. Magan: Early detection of spoilage moulds in bread using volatile production patterns and quantitative enzyme assays, J. Appl. Microbiol. 92(1), 165–172 (2002)
C. Bhatt, J. Nagaraju: A polypyrrole based gas sensor for detection of volatile organic compounds (vocs) produced from a wheat bread, Sens. Instrum. Food Qual. Saf. 5(3), 128–136 (2011)
W. Cynkar, D. Cozzolino, B. Dambergs, L. Janik, M. Gishen: Feasibility study on the use of a head space mass spectrometry electronic nose (ms e_nose) to monitor red wine spoilage induced by brettanomyces yeast, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 124(1), 167–171 (2007)
K. Karlsoj, P.V. Nielsen, T.O. Larsen: Prediction of penicillium expansum spoilage and patulin concentration in apples used for apple juice production by electronic nose analysis, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 55(11), 4289–4298 (2007)
T. Eklov, G. Johansson, F. Winquist, I. Lundstrom: Monitoring sausage fermentation using an electronic nose, J. Sci. Food Agricult. 76(4), 525–532 (1998)
J. Trihaas, L. Vognsen, P.V. Nielsen: Electronic nose: New tool in modelling the ripening of danish blue cheese, Int. Dairy J. 15(6/9), 679–691 (2005)
M. Falasconi, M. Pardo, G. Sberveglieri, I. Ricco, A. Bresciani: The novel eos835 electronic nose and data analysis for evaluating coffee ripening, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 110(1), 73–80 (2005)
M. Maciejewska, A. Szczurek, Z. Kerenyi: Utilisation of first principal component extracted from gas sensor measurements as a process control variable in wine fermentation, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 115(1), 170–177 (2006)
F. Maul, S.A. Sargent, M.O. Balaban, E.A. Baldwin, D.J. Huber, C.A. Sims: Aroma volatile profiles from ripe tomatoes are influenced by physiological maturity at harvest: An application for electronic nose technology, J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123(6), 1094–1101 (1998)
V. Messina, P.G. Dominguez, A.M. Sancho, N. Walsoe de Reca, F. Carrari, G. Grigioni: Tomato quality during short-term storage assessed by colour and electronic nose, Int. J. Electrochem. 2012, 687429 (2012)
A. Supriyadi, K. Shimizu, M. Suzuki, K. Yoshida, T. Muto, A. Fujita, N. Tomita, N. Watanabe: Maturity discrimination of snake fruit (salacca edulis reinw.) cv. Pondoh based on volatiles analysis using an electronic nose device equipped with a sensor array and fingerprint mass spectrometry, Flavour Fragr. J. 19(1), 44–50 (2004)
L.P. Pathange, P. Mallikarjunan, R.P. Marini, S. O’Keefe, D. Vaughan: Non-destructive evaluation of apple maturity using an electronic nose system, J. Food Eng. 77(4), 1018–1023 (2006)
M. Vanoli, M. Buccheri: Overview of the methods for assessing harvest maturity, Stewart Postharvest Rev. 8(1), 1–11 (2012)
U. Herrmann, T. Jonischkeit, J. Bargon, U. Hahn, Q.Y. Li, C.A. Schalley, E. Vogel, F. Vogtle: Monitoring apple flavor by use of quartz microbalances, Anal. Bioanalyt. Chem. 372(5-6), 611–614 (2002)
M. Lebrun, A. Plotto, K. Goodner, M.N. Ducamp, E. Baldwin: Discrimination of mango fruit maturity by volatiles using the electronic nose and gas chromatography, Postharvest Biol. Technol. 48(1), 122–131 (2008)
B.G. Defilippi, W.S. Juan, H. Valdes, M.A. Moya-Leon, R. Infante, R. Campos-Vargas: The aroma development during storage of castlebrite apricots as evaluated by gas chromatography, electronic nose, and sensory analysis, Postharvest Biol. Technol. 51(2), 212–219 (2009)
X. Zhang, Y. Qi, X. Yang, H. Jia: Evaluation of maturity of peach by electronic nose, J. South China Agric. Univ 1, 1–4 (2012)
A.C. Romain, J. Nicolas: Long term stability of metal oxide-based gas sensors for e-nose environmental applications: An overview, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 146(2), 502–506 (2010)
L. Feng, C.J. Musto, J.W. Kemling, S.H. Lim, K.S. Suslick: A colorimetric sensor array for identification of toxic gases below permissible exposure limits, Chem. Commun. 46(12), 2037–2039 (2010)
R. Dutta, D. Morgan, N. Baker, J.W. Gardner, E.L. Hines: Identification of staphylococcus aureus infections in hospital environment: Electronic nose based approach, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 109(2), 355–362 (2005)
J. Trevathan, R. Johnstone, T. Chiffings, I. Atkinson, N. Bergmann, W. Read, S. Theiss, T. Myers, T. Stevens: Semat - the next generation of inexpensive marine environmental monitoring and measurement systems, Sensors (Switzerland) 12(7), 9711–9748 (2012)
W. Tsujita, A. Yoshino, H. Ishida, T. Moriizumi: Gas sensor network for air-pollution monitoring, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 110(2), 304–311 (2005)
G. Parcsi, S.M. Pillai, J.H. Sohn, E. Gallagher, M. Dunlop, M. Atzeni, C. Lobsey, K. Murphy, R.M. Stuetz: Optimising non-specific sensor arrays for poultry emission monitoring using GC-MS/O, Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Intell. Sens. Sens. Netw. Inf. Process. (ISSNIP) (2011) pp. 205–210
A.H. Abdullah, A.Y.M. Shakaff, A.H. Adom, A. Zakaria, F.S.A. Saad, L.M. Kamarudin: Chicken farm malodour monitoring using portable electronic nose system, Chem. Eng. Trans. 30, 55–60 (2012)
S. Nimmermark: Use of electronic noses for detection of odour from animal production facilities: A review, Water Sci. Technol. 44, 33–41 (2001)
J.H. Sohn, M. Dunlop, N. Hudson, T.I. Kim, Y.H. Yoo: Non-specific conducting polymer-based array capable of monitoring odour emissions from a biofiltration system in a piggery building, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 135(2), 455–464 (2009)
P.G. Micone, C. Guy: Odour quantification by a sensor array: An application to landfill gas odours from two different municipal waste treatment works, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 120(2), 628–637 (2007)
K. Boholt, K. Andreasen, F. Den Berg, T. Hansen: A new method for measuring emission of odour from a rendering plant using the danish odour sensor system (doss) artificial nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 106(1), 170–176 (2005)
L. Capelli, S. Sironi, P. Centola, R. Del Rosso, M. Il Grande: Electronic noses for the continuous monitoring of odours from a wastewater treatment plant at specific receptors: Focus on training methods, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 131(1), 53–62 (2008)
J. Nicolas, A.C. Romain, C. Ledent: The electronic nose as a warning device of the odour emergence in a compost hall, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 116(1/2), 95–99 (2006)
F.L. Dickert, P.A. Lieberzeit, P. Achatz, C. Palfinger, M. Fassnauer, E. Schmid, W. Werther, G. Horner: Qcm array for on-line-monitoring of composting procedures, Analyst 129(5), 432–437 (2004)
K.C. Persaud, S.M. Khaffaf, P.J. Hobbs, T.H. Misselbrook, R.W. Sneath: Application of conducting polymer odor sensing arrays to agricultural malodor monitoring, Chem. Sens. 21(5), 495–505 (1996)
L. Dentoni, L. Capelli, S. Sironi, R. Del Rosso, S. Zanetti, M.D. Torre: Development of an electronic nose for environmental odour monitoring, Sensors (Switzerland) 12(11), 14363–14381 (2012)
E. Martinelli, E. Zampetti, S. Pantalei, F. Lo Castro, M. Santonico, G. Pennazza, R. Paolesse, C. Di Natale, A. D’Amico, F. Giannini, G. Mascetti, V. Cotronei: Design and test of an electronic nose for monitoring the air quality in the international space station, Microgravity Sci. Technol. 19(5/6), 60–64 (2007)
S. Zampolli, I. Elmi, F. Ahmed, M. Passini, G.C. Cardinali, S. Nicoletti, L. Dori: An electronic nose based on solid state sensor arrays for low-cost indoor air quality monitoring applications, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 101(1/2), 39–46 (2004)
M. Kuske, A.C. Romain, J. Nicolas: Microbial volatile organic compounds as indicators of fungi. Can an electronic nose detect fungi in indoor environments?, Build. Env. 40(6), 824–831 (2005)
M.A. Ryan, A.V. Shevade, H. Zhou, M.L. Homer: Polymer-carbon black composite sensors in an electronic nose for air-quality monitoring, MRS Bulletin 29(10), 714–719 (2004)
H. Willers, P. de Gijsel, N. Ogink, A. D’Amico, E. Martinelli, C. Di Natale, N. van Ras, J. van der Waarde: Monitoring of biological odour filtration in closed environments with olfactometry and an electronic nose, Water Sci. Technol. 50, 93–100 (2004)
H. Schleibinger, D. Laussmann, C.G. Bornehag, D. Eis, H. Rueden: Microbial volatile organic compounds in the air of moldy and mold-free indoor environments, Indoor Air 18(2), 113–124 (2008)
A.D. Wilson: Review of electronic-nose technologies and algorithms to detect hazardous chemicals in the environment, Proc. Technol 1, 453–463 (2012)
D. Suriano, R. Rossi, M. Alvisi, G. Cassano, V. Pfister, M. Penza, L. Trizio, M. Brattoli, M. Amodio, G. De Gennaro: A portable sensor system for air pollution monitoring and malodours olfactometric control, Lect. Notes Electr. Eng. 109, 87–92 (2012)
U.B. Gawas, V.M.S. Verenkar, D.R. Patil: Nanostructured ferrite based electronic nose sensitive to ammonia at room temperature, Sens. Transducers 134(11), 45–55 (2011)
X. Zhang, B. Yang, X. Wang, C. Luo: Effect of plasma treatment on multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the detection of H2S and SO2, Sensors (Switzerland) 12(7), 9375–9385 (2012)
G.F. Fine, L.M. Cavanagh, A. Afonja, R. Binions: Metal oxide semi-conductor gas sensors in environmental monitoring, Sensors 10(6), 5469–5502 (2010)
S.M.A. Durrani, M.F. Al-Kuhaili, I.A. Bakhtiari, M.B. Haider: Investigation of the carbon monoxide gas sensing characteristics of tin oxide mixed cerium oxide thin films, Sensors 12(3), 2598–2609 (2012)
C. Xie, L. Xiao, M. Hu, Z. Bai, X. Xia, D. Zeng: Fabrication and formaldehyde gas-sensing property of ZNO-MNO2 coplanar gas sensor arrays, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 145(1), 457–463 (2010)
R.H. Farahi, A. Passian, L. Tetard, T. Thundat: Critical issues in sensor science to aid food and water safety, ACS Nano 6(6), 4548–4556 (2012)
A. Lamagna, S. Reich, D. Rodriguez, A. Boselli, D. Cicerone: The use of an electronic nose to characterize emissions from a highly polluted river, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 131(1), 121–124 (2008)
J. Goschnick, I. Koronczi, M. Frietsch, I. Kiselev: Water pollution recognition with the electronic nose kamina, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 106(1), 182–186 (2005)
S. Singh, E.L. Hines, J.W. Gardner: Fuzzy neural computing of coffee and tainted-water data from an electronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 30(3), 185–190 (1996)
A. Catarina Bastos, N. Magan: Potential of an electronic nose for the early detection and differentiation between streptomyces in potable water, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 116(1/2), 151–155 (2006)
R.M. Stuetz: Non-specific monitoring to resolve intermittent pollutant problems associated with wastewater treatment and potable supply, Water Sci. Technol. 49, 137–143 (2004)
P. Littarru: Environmental odours assessment from waste treatment plants: Dynamic olfactometry in combination with sensorial analysers ’Electronic noses’, Waste Manag. 27(2), 302–309 (2007)
W. Bourgeois, G. Gardey, M. Servieres, R.M. Stuetz: A chemical sensor array based system for protecting wastewater treatment plants, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 91(1–3), 109–116 (2003)
K.C. Persaud: Medical applications of odor-sensing devices, Int. J. Lower Extremity Wounds 4(1), 50–56 (2005)
E.R. Thaler, C.W. Hanson: Medical applications of electronic nose technology, Expert Rev. Med. Dev. 2(5), 559–566 (2005)
A.P.F. Turner, N. Magan: Electronic noses and disease diagnostics, Nature Rev. Microbiol. 2(2), 160–166 (2004)
A.K. Pavlou, N. Magan, J.M. Jones, J. Brown, P. Klatser, A.P.F. Turner: Detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis (tb) in vitro and in situ using an electronic nose in combination with a neural network system, Biosens. Bioelectron. 20(3), 538–544 (2004)
N. Sahgal, B. Monk, M. Wasil, N. Magan: Trichophyton species: Use of volatile fingerprints for rapid identification and discrimination, Br. J. Dermatol. 155(6), 1209–1216 (2006)
A. Pavlou, A.P.F. Turner, N. Magan: Recognition of anaerobic bacterial isolates in vitro using electronic nose technology, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 35(5), 366–369 (2002)
A.D. Parry, P.R. Chadwick, D. Simon, B. Oppenheim, C.N. McCollum: Leg ulcer odour detection identifies beta-haemolytic streptococcal infection, J. Wound Care 4(9), 404–406 (1995)
C.L. Whittle, S. Fakharzadeh, J. Eades, G. Preti: Human breath odors and their use in diagnosis, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1098, 252–266 (2007)
W. Cao, Y. Duan: Breath analysis: Potential for clinical diagnosis and exposure assessment, Clin. Chem. 52(5), 800–811 (2006)
M. McCulloch, T. Jezierski, M. Broffman, A. Hubbard, K. Turner, T. Janecki: Diagnostic accuracy of canine scent detection in early- and late-stage lung and breast cancers, Integr. Cancer Ther. 5(1), 30–39 (2006)
E.P. Shnayder, M.P. Moshkin, D.V. Petrovskii, A.I. Shevela, A.N. Babko, V.G. Kulikov: Detection of helicobacter pylori infection by examination of human breath odor using electronic nose bloodhound-214st, AIP Conf. Proc., Vol. 1137 (2009) pp. 523–524
A.K. Pavlou, N. Magan, D. Sharp, J. Brown, H. Barr, A.P.F. Turner: An intelligent rapid odour recognition model in discrimination of helicobacter pylori and other gastroesophageal isolates in vitro, Biosens. Bioelectron. 15(7-8), 333–342 (2000)
S.T. Chambers, M. Syhre, D.R. Murdoch, F. McCartin, M.J. Epton: Detection of 2-pentylfuran in the breath of patients with aspergillus fumigatus, Med. Mycol. 47(5), 468–476 (2009)
M. Syhre, J.M. Scotter, S.T. Chambers: Investigation into the production of 2-pentylfuran by aspergillus fumigatus and other respiratory pathogens in vitro and human breath samples, Med. Mycol. 46(3), 209–215 (2008)
T. Gibson, A. Kolk, K. Reither, S. Kuipers, V. Hallam: Predictive detection of tuberculosis using electronic nose technology, AIP Conf. Proc. 1137, 473–474 (2009)
R. Fend, C. Bessant, A.J. Williams, A.C. Woodman: Monitoring haemodialysis using electronic nose and chemometrics, Biosens. Bioelectron. 19(12), 1581–1590 (2004)
N.G. Hockstein, E.R. Thaler, Y. Lin, D.D. Lee, C.W. Hanson: Correlation of pneumonia score with electronic nose signature: A prospective study, Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 114(7), 504–508 (2005)
S.Y. Lai, O.F. Deffenderfer, W. Hanson, M.P. Phillips, E.R. Thaler: Identification of upper respiratory bacterial pathogens with the electronic nose, Laryngoscope 112(6), 975–979 (2002)
J.B. Yu, H.G. Byun, M.S. So, J.S. Huh: Analysis of diabetic patient’s breath with conducting polymer sensor array, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 108(1/2), 305–308 (2005)
M. Gill, G.R. Graff, A.J. Adler, R.A. Dweik: Validation study of fractional exhaled nitric oxide measurements using a handheld monitoring device, J. Asthma 43(10), 731–734 (2006)
A. Nonaka, M. Tanaka, H. Anguri, H. Nagata, J. Kita, S. Shizukuishi: Clinical assessment of oral malodor intensity expressed as absolute value using an electronic nose, Oral Dis. 11, 35–36 (2005) suppl. 1
A. Velasquez, C.M. Duran, O. Gualdron, J.C. Rodriguez, L. Manjarres: Electronic nose to detect patients with copd from exhaled breath, AIP Conf. Proc. 1137, 452–454 (2009)
S. Dragonieri, P. Brinkman, E. Mouw, A.H. Zwinderman, P. Carratu, O. Resta, P.J. Sterk, R.E. Jonkers: An electronic nose discriminates exhaled breath of patients with untreated pulmonary sarcoidosis from controls, Respir. Med. 107(7), 1073–1078 (2013)
E.I. Mohamed, R. Linder, G. Perriello, N. Di Daniele, S.J. Poppl, A. De Lorenzo: Predicting type 2 diabetes using an electronic nose-based artificial neural network analysis, Diabetes Nutr. Metab. Clin. Exp. 15(4), 215–221 (2002)
V. Kodogiannis, E. Wadge: The use of gas-sensor arrays to diagnose urinary tract infections, Int. J. Neural Syst. 15(5), 363–376 (2005)
S. Aathithan, J.C. Plant, A.N. Chaudry, G.L. French: Diagnosis of bacteriuria by detection of volatile organic compounds in urine using an automated headspace analyzer with multiple conducting polymer sensors, J. Clin. Microbiol. 39(7), 2590–2593 (2001)
A.K. Pavlou, N. Magan, C. McNulty, J.M. Jones, D. Sharp, J. Brown, A.P.F. Turner: Use of an electronic nose system for diagnoses of urinary tract infections, Biosens. Bioelectron. 17(10), 893–899 (2002)
P. Hay, A. Tummon, M. Ogunfile, A. Adebiyi, A. Adefowora: Evaluation of a novel diagnostic test for bacterial vaginosis: ’The electronic nose’, Int. J. STD AIDS 14(2), 114–118 (2003)
Y.J. Lin, H.R. Guo, Y.H. Chang, M.T. Kao, H.H. Wang, R.I. Hong: Application of the electronic nose for uremia diagnosis, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 76(1–3), 177–180 (2001)
R.P. Arasaradnam, N. Quraishi, I. Kyrou, C.U. Nwokolo, M. Joseph, S. Kumar, K.D. Bardhan, J.A. Covington: Insights into ’fermentonomics’: Evaluation of volatile organic compounds (vocs) in human disease using an electronic ’e-nose’, J. Med. Eng. Technol. 35(2), 87–91 (2011)
R.F. Machado, D. Laskowski, O. Deffenderfer, T. Burch, S. Zheng, P.J. Mazzone, T. Mekhail, C. Jennings, J.K. Stoller, J. Pyle, J. Duncan, R.A. Dweik, S.C. Erzurum: Detection of lung cancer by sensor array analyses of exhaled breath, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171(11), 1286–1291 (2005)
C. Di Natale, A. Macagnano, E. Martinelli, R. Paolesse, G. D’Arcangelo, C. Roscioni, A. Finazzi-Agrò, A. D’Amico: Lung cancer identification by the analysis of breath by means of an array of non-selective gas sensors, Biosens. Bioelectron. 18(10), 1209–1218 (2003)
X. Chen, M. Cao, Y. Li, W. Hu, P. Wang, K. Ying, H. Pan: A study of an electronic nose for detection of lung cancer based on a virtual saw gas sensors array and imaging recognition method, Meas. Sci. Technol. 16(8), 1535–1546 (2005)
H. Yu, L. Xu, M. Cao, X. Chen, P. Wang, J. Jiao, Y. Wang: Detection volatile organic compounds in breath as markers of lung cancer using a novel electronic nose, Proc. IEEE Sens. 2, 1333–1337 (2003)
S. Dragonieri, M.P. Van Der Schee, T. Massaro, N. Schiavulli, P. Brinkman, A. Pinca, P. Carratu, A. Spanevello, O. Resta, M. Musti, P.J. Sterk: An electronic nose distinguishes exhaled breath of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma from controls, Lung Cancer 75(3), 326–331 (2012)
J. Li, Y. Peng, Y. Duan: Diagnosis of breast cancer based on breath analysis: An emerging method, Crit. Rev. Oncol./Hematol. 87(1), 28–40 (2013)
F. Pallottino, C. Costa, F. Antonucci, M.C. Strano, M. Calandra, S. Solaini, P. Menesatti: Electronic nose application for determination of penicillium digitatum in valencia oranges, J. Sci. Food Agricult. 92(a), 2008–2012 (2012)
E. Baldwin, A. Plotto, J. Manthey, G. McCollum, J. Bai, M. Irey, R. Cameron, G. Luzio: Effect of liberibacter infection (huanglongbing disease) of citrus on orange fruit physiology and fruit/fruit juice quality: Chemical and physical analyses, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 58(2), 1247–1262 (2010)
R. Ghaffari, F. Zhang, D. Iliescu, E. Hines, M. Leeson, R. Napier, J. Clarkson: Early detection of diseases in tomato crops: An electronic nose and intelligent systems approach, Proc. 2010 Int. J. Conf. Neural Netw. (2010) pp. 1–6
M.W.C.C. Greenshields, M.A. Mamo, N.J. Coville, A.P. Spina, D.F. Rosso, E.C. Latocheski, J.G. Destro, I.C. Pimentel, I.A. Hummelgen: Electronic detection of drechslera sp. Fungi in charentais melon (cucumis melo naudin) using carbon-nanostructure-based sensors, J. Agricult. Food Chem. 60(42), 10420–10425 (2012)
F. Spinelli, A. Cellini, J.L. Vanneste, M.T. Rodriguez-Estrada, G. Costa, S. Savioli, F.J.M. Harren, S.M. Cristescu: Emission of volatile compounds by erwinia amylovora: Biological activity in vitro and possible exploitation for bacterial identification, Trees Struct. Funct. 26(1), 141–152 (2012)
A.D. Wilson, D.G. Lester, C.S. Oberle: Development of conductive polymer analysis for the rapid detection and identification of phytopathogenic microbes, Phytopathol. 94(5), 419–431 (2004)
F. Spinelli, M. Noferini, J.L. Vanneste, G. Costa: Potential of the electronic-nose for the diagnosis of bacterial and fungal diseases in fruit trees, EPPO Bull. 40(1), 59–67 (2010)
S. Blasioli, E. Biondi, I. Braschi, U. Mazzucchi, C. Bazzi, C.E. Gessa: Electronic nose as an innovative tool for the diagnosis of grapevine crown gall, Anal. Chim. Acta 672(1/2), 20–24 (2010)
F. Hahn: Actual pathogen detection: Sensors and algorithms – A review, Algorithms 2(1), 301–338 (2009)
R.M.C. Jansen, J. Wildt, I.F. Kappers, H.J. Bouwmeester, J.W. Hofstee, E.J. Van Henten: Detection of diseased plants by analysis of volatile organic compound emission, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 49, 157–174 (2011)
M.A. Markom, A.Y.M. Shakaff, A.H. Adom, M.N. Ahmad, W. Hidayat, A.H. Abdullah, N.A. Fikri: Intelligent electronic nose system for basal stem rot disease detection, Comput. Electron. Agricult. 66(2), 140–146 (2009)
P. Boilot, E.L. Hines, J.W. Gardner, R. Pitt, S. John, J. Mitchell, D.W. Morgan: Classification of bacteria responsible for ent and eye infections using the cyranose system, IEEE Sens. J. 2(3), 247–252 (2002)
P. Lykos, P.H. Patel, C. Morong, A. Joseph: Rapid detection of bacteria from blood culture by an electronic nose, J. Microbiol. 39(3), 213–218 (2001)
S. Dragonieri, R. Schot, B.J.A. Mertens, S. Le Cessie, S.A. Gauw, A. Spanevello, O. Resta, N.P. Willard, T.J. Vink, K.F. Rabe, E.H. Bel, P.J. Sterk: An electronic nose in the discrimination of patients with asthma and controls, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 120(4), 856–862 (2007)
A. Aronzon, C.W. Hanson, E.R. Thaler: Differentiation between cerebrospinal fluid and serum with electronic nose, Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 133(1), 16–19 (2005)
M.E. Shykhon, D.W. Morgan, R. Dutta, E.L. Hines, J.W. Gardner: Clinical evaluation of the electronic nose in the diagnosis of ear, nose and throat infection: A preliminary study, J. Laryngol. Otol. 118(9), 706–709 (2004)
W.L. Brown, C.T. Hess: Measurement of the biotransfer and time constant of radon from ingested water by human breath analysis, Health Phys. 62(2), 162–170 (1992)
J. Hwang, C. Shin, H. Yoe: Study on an agricultural environment monitoring server system using wireless sensor networks, Sensors 10(12), 11189–11211 (2010)
L. Ruiz-Garcia, L. Lunadei, P. Barreiro, J.I. Robla: A review of wireless sensor technologies and applications in agriculture and food industry: State of the art and current trends, Sensors (Switzerland) 9(6), 4728–4750 (2009)
J. Burrell, T. Brooke, R. Beckwith: Vineyard computing: Sensor networks in agricultural production, IEEE Pervasive Comput. 3(1), 38–45 (2004)
K. Chang, Y.H. Kim, Y.J. Kim, Y.J. Yoon: Functional antenna integrated with relative humidity sensor using synthesised polyimide for passive RFID sensing, Electron. Lett. 43(5), 259–260 (2007)
N. Cho, S.J. Song, S. Kim, H.J. Yoo: A uw uhf rfid tag chip integrated with sensors for wireless environmental monitoring, Proc. ESSCIRC 31st Eur. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (2005) pp. 279–282
J.A. Lopez, F. Soto, P. Sanchez, A. Iborra, J. Suardiaz, J.A. Vera: Development of a sensor node for precision horticulture, Sensors 9(5), 3240–3255 (2009)
M. Baietto, A.D. Wilson, D. Bassi, F. Ferrini: Evaluation of three electronic noses for detecting incipient wood decay, Sensors 10(2), 1062–1092 (2010)
A.D. Wilson, D.G. Lester, C.S. Oberle: Application of conductive polymer analysis for wood and woody plant identifications, Forest Ecol. Manag. 209(3), 207–224 (2005)
S.E. Abd El-Aziz: Control strategies of stored product pests, J. Entomol. 8(2), 101–122 (2011)
F. Fleurat-Lessard: Monitoring insect pest populations in grain storage: The european context, Stewart Postharvest Rev. 7(3), 1–8 (2011)
Y. b. Lan, X. Z. Zheng, J. K. Westbrook, J. Lopez, R. Lacey, W. C. Hoffmann: Identification of stink bugs using an electronic nose, J. Bionic Eng. 5, 172–180 (2008)
B. Zhou, J. Wang: Use of electronic nose technology for identifying rice infestation by nilaparvata lugens, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 160(1), 15–21 (2011)
B. Zhou, J. Wang: Detection of insect infestations in paddy field using an electronic nose, Int. J. Agricult. Biol. 13(5), 707–712 (2011)
L. Pang, J. Wang, X. Lu, H. Yu: Discrimination of storage age for wheat by e-nose, Trans. ASABE 51(5), 1707–1712 (2008)
C. Li, N.E. Schmidt, R. Gitaitis: Detection of onion postharvest diseases by analyses of headspace volatiles using a gas sensor array and GC-MS, LWT Food Sci. Technol. 44(4), 1019–1025 (2011)
S. Neethirajan, D.S. Jayas: Sensors for grain storage, Proc. ASAE Annu Meet., Vol. 12 (2007) p. 076179
E. Abad, F. Palacio, M. Nuin: A. G. d. Zarate, A. Juarros, J. M. Gomez, S. Marco: Rfid smart tag for traceability and cold chain monitoring of foods: Demonstration in an intercontinental fresh fish logistic chain, J. Food Eng. 93(4), 394–399 (2009)
C. Amador, J.P. Emond, M.C.N. Nunes: Application of RFID technologies in the temperature mapping of the pineapple supply chain, Sens. Instrum. Food Qual. Saf. 3(1), 26–33 (2009)
L. Ruiz-Garcia, P. Barreiro, J.I. Robla: Performance of zigbee-based wireless sensor nodes for real-time monitoring of fruit logistics, J. Food Eng. 87(3), 405–415 (2008)
R. Jedermann, L. Ruiz-Garcia, W. Lang: Spatial temperature profiling by semi-passive rfid loggers for perishable food transportation, Comput. Electron. Agricult. 65(2), 145–154 (2009)
P. Komaraiah, M. Navratil, M. Carlsson, P. Jeffers, M. Brodelius, P.E. Brodelius, P.M. Kieran, C.F. Mandenius: Growth behavior in plant cell cultures based on emissions detected by a multisensor array, Biotechnol. Progress 20(4), 1245–1250 (2004)
A. Campagnoli, L. Pinotti, G. Tognon, F. Cheli, A. Baldi, V. Dell’Orto: Potential application of electronic nose in processed animal proteins (pap) detection in feeding stuffs, Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 8(4), 253–255 (2004)
A. Branca, P. Simonian, M. Ferrante, E. Novas, R.M. Negri: Electronic nose based discrimination of a perfumery compound in a fragrance, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 92(1/2), 222–227 (2003)
S. Hanaki, T. Nakamoto, T. Moriizumi: Artificial odor-recognition system using neural network for estimating sensory quantities of blended fragrance, Sens. Actuators A Phys. 57(1), 65–71 (1996)
K. Naraghi, N. Sahgal, B. Adriaans, H. Barr, N. Magan: Use of volatile fingerprints for rapid screening of antifungal agents for efficacy against dermatophyte trichophyton species, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 146(2), 521–526 (2010)
A. Rudnitskaya, A. Legin: Sensor systems, electronic tongues and electronic noses, for the monitoring of biotechnological processes, J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 35(5), 443–451 (2008)
C. Cimander, C.F. Mandenius: Online monitoring of a bioprocess based on a multi-analyser system and multivariate statistical process modelling, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 77(10), 1157–1168 (2002)
C. Soderstrom, H. Boren, F. Winquist, C. Krantz-Rulcker: Use of an electronic tongue to analyze mold growth in liquid media, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 83(3), 253–261 (2003)
T.D. Gibson, O. Prosser, J.N. Hulbert, R.W. Marshall, P. Corcoran, P. Lowery, E.A. Ruck-Keene, S. Heron: Detection and simultaneous identification of microorganisms from headspace samples using an electronic nose, Sens. Actuators B Chem. 44(1–3), 413–422 (1997)
J.W. Gardner, M. Craven, C. Dow, E.L. Hines: The prediction of bacteria type and culture growth phase by an electronic nose with a multi-layer perceptron network, Meas. Sci. Technol. 9(1), 120–127 (1998)
J.W. Gardner, J. Yinon: Electronic Noses and Sensors for the Detection of Explosives (Springer, Dordrecht 2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Guthrie, B. (2017). Machine Olfaction. In: Buettner, A. (eds) Springer Handbook of Odor. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26932-0_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26932-0_21
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26930-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26932-0
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)