Abstract
Several routing protocols for Delay-Tolerant Networks (DTNs) can be found in the literature. All these protocols have strengths and weaknesses depending on the usage scenario. Nevertheless, in DTNs, messages are forwarded hop-by-hop autonomously, without an on-line path connecting the source and the destination. This unique characteristic of DTNs allows the routing protocol to be changed on-the-fly while a message traverses the network. The only limitation is that each pair of nodes must share the same routing protocol. If each node is able to choose the best routing protocol based on its context and on the available routing protocols, it is possible to minimize the weaknesses of the chosen protocols. In this way, this article proposes an on-the-fly context-aware routing adaptation method. Each node, independently, chooses the routing protocol to forward a message, based on its own context information and on the routing protocols available at the possible next hops. Thus, in order to explore the strengths of all protocols and reduce their weaknesses, every message can be forwarded from the source to the destination through several different routing protocols, one for each hop if necessary. The feasibility and the efficiency of the proposed method are evaluated through simulations, and the results demonstrate that it is possible to increase the delivery ratio and reduce the delay with a small increase on the overhead.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abdulla, M., Simon, R.: The impact of the mobility model on delay tolerant networking performance analysis. In: 40th Annual Simulation Symposium, ANSS 2007, pp. 177–184, March 2007
Balasubramanian, A., Levine, B., Venkataramani, A.: Dtn routing as a resource allocation problem. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 37(4), 373–384 (2007)
Boldrini, C., Conti, M.: Context-and social-aware middleware for opportunistic networks. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 33(5), 525–541 (2010)
Boldrini, C., Conti, M., Jacopini, J., Passarella, A.: Hibop: a history based routing protocol for opportunistic networks. In: IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WOWMOM), pp. 1–12 (2007)
Huang, W., Zhang, S., Zhou, W.: Spray and wait routing based on position prediction in opportunistic networks. In: 2011 3rd International Conference on Computer Research and Development (ICCRD), vol. 2, pp. 232–236, March 2011
Karvo, J., Ott, J.: Time scales and delay-tolerant routing protocols. In: Proceedings of the Third ACM Workshop on Challenged Networks (CHANTS), pp. 33–40 (2008)
Keränen, A., Ott, J., Kärkkäinen, T.: The ONE simulator for DTN protocol evaluation. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques (SIMUTools) (2009)
Kim, Y.-P., Koo, J.-I., Jung, E., Nakano, K., Sengoku, M., Park, Y.-J.: Composite methods for improving spray and wait routing protocol in delay tolerant networks. In 2010 International Symposium on Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT), pp. 1229–1234, October 2010
Lakkakorpi, J., Pitkänen, M., Ott, J.: Adaptive routing in mobile opportunistic networks. In: Proceedings of the 13th ACM International Conference on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWIM), pp. 101–109 (2010)
Lindgren, A., Doria, A., Schelén, O.: Probabilistic routing in intermittently connected networks. ACM SIGMOBILE Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev. 7(3), 19–20 (2003)
Musolesi, M., Mascolo, C.: Car: Context-aware adaptive routing for delay-tolerant mobile networks. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 8(2), 246–260 (2009)
Nordström, E., Rohner, C., Gunningberg, P.: Haggle: Opportunistic mobile content sharing using search. Comput. Commun. 48, 121–132 (2014)
Oliveira, E.C.R., Albuquerque, C.V.N.: Roteamento adaptativo a contextos para redes tolerantes a atrasos e desconexões. In: Proceedings of the XXX Brazilian Symposium of Computer Networks / XXX Simpósio Brasileiro de Redes de Computadores e Sistemas Distribuídos (SBRC), pp. 872–885 (2012)
Pelusi, L., Passarella, A., Conti, M.: Opportunistic networking: data forwarding in disconnected mobile ad hoc networks. IEEE Commun. Magazine 44(11), 134–141 (2006)
Petz, A., Hennessy, A., Walker, B., Fok, C.-L., Julien, C.: An architecture for context-aware adaptation of routing in delay-tolerant networks. In: Proceedings of the 4th Extreme Conference on Communication (ExtremeCom) (2012)
Sandulescu, G., Nadjm-Tehrani, S.: Opportunistic dtn routing with window-aware adaptive replication. In: Proceedings of the 4th Asian Conference on Internet Engineering (AINTEC), pp. 103–112 (2008)
Spyropoulos, T., Psounis, K., Raghavendra, C.S.: Spray and wait: an efficient routing scheme for intermittently connected mobile networks. In: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Delay-Tolerant Networking (WDTN), pp. 252–259 (2005)
Tournoux, P., Leguay, J., Benbadis, F., Conan, V., Dias de Amorim, M., Whitbeck, J.: The accordion phenomenon: analysis, characterization, and impact on dtn routing. In: INFOCOM 2009, pp. 1116–1124. IEEE, April 2009
Vahdat, A., Becker, D.: Epidemic routing for partially connected ad hoc networks. Technical report, CS-200006, Duke University (2000)
Wang, G., Wang, B., Gao, Y.: Dynamic spray and wait routing algorithm with quality of node in delay tolerant network. In: 2010 International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing (CMC), vol. 3, pp. 452–456, April 2010
Acknowledgments
This work was partially supported by CNPq and by FAPESC (Human Resources Program 01/2012).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering
About this paper
Cite this paper
Menegazzo, C., Spinosa, E., Albini, L.C.P. (2015). A Context-Aware Method Decoupled from Protocol for Adapting Routing Process in DTN. In: Agüero, R., Zinner, T., García-Lozano, M., Wenning, BL., Timm-Giel, A. (eds) Mobile Networks and Management. MONAMI 2015. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 158. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26925-2_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26925-2_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26924-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26925-2
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)