Abstract
Implant platform is defined as the portion of the implant on which the abutment rests. Platform-switching design uses an abutment that is smaller in diameter than the outer edge of the implant neck. This particular design has been found to be associated with reduced marginal bone loss. It remains to be established if this favorable outcome occurs in all the clinical situations and with which extent. Possible factors that seem to contribute to the preservation of marginal bone in platform-switched implants are the shifting of the microbial leakage far from the bone or of the abutment-platform micromotion. Other cofactors may also contribute. Scalloped implant design is a new platform solution indicated in the esthetic zones, but although promising, more clinical studies are needed to confirm its validity.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
P.P. Binon, Implants and components: entering the new millennium. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 15(1), 76 (2000)
B.R. Chrcanovic, T. Albrektsson, A. Wennerberg, Platform switch and dental implants: a meta-analysis. J. Dent. 43, 629–646 (2015)
M.M. Al-Nsour, H.L. Chan, H.L. Wang, Effect of the platform-switching technique on preservation of peri-implant marginal bone: a systematic review. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 27(1), 138–145 (2011)
S. Annibali, I. Bignozzi, M.P. Cristalli, F. Graziani, G. La Monaca, A. Polimeni, Peri‐implant marginal bone level: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies comparing platform switching versus conventionally restored implants. J. Clin. Periodontol. 39(11), 1097–1113 (2012)
M.A. Atieh, H.M. Ibrahim, A.H. Atieh, Platform switching for marginal bone preservation around dental implants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Periodontol. 81(10), 1350–1366 (2010)
J.S. Hermann, J.D. Schoolfield, R.K. Schenk, D. Buser, D.L. Cochran, Influence of the size of the microgap on crestal bone changes around titanium implants. A histometric evaluation of unloaded non-submerged implants in the canine mandible. J. Periodontol. 72, 1372–1383 (2001)
D.L. Cochran, P.V. Nummikoski, J.D. Schoolfield, A.A. Jones, T.W. Oates, A prospective multicenter 5-year radiographic evaluation of crestal bone levels over time in 596 dental implants placed in 192 patients. J. Periodontol. 80, 725–733 (2009)
K. Becker, I. Mihatovic, V. Golubovic, F. Schwarz, Impact of abutment material and dis-re-connection on soft and hard tissue changes at implants with platform-switching. J. Clin. Periodontol. 39, 774–780 (2012)
T. Koutouzis, The effect of healing abutment reconnection and disconnection on soft and hard peri-implant tissues: a short-term randomized controlled clinical trial. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 28, 807–814 (2013)
M. Degidi, D. Nardi, A. Piattelli, One abutment at one time: non- removal of an immediate abutment and its effect on bone healing around subcrestal tapered implants. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 22, 1303–1307 (2011)
P. Vigolo, A. Givani, Platform-switched restorations on wide-diameter implants: a 5-year clinical prospective study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 24, 103–109 (2009)
G. Luongo, E. Bressan, M.G. Grusovin, F. d’Avenia, K. Neumann, L. Sbricoli, M. Esposito, Do repeated changes of abutments have any influence on the stability of peri-implant tissues? Four-month post-loading preliminary results from a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Eur. J. Oral Implantol. 8(2), 129–140 (2015)
C.C. Alves, F. Muñoz, I. Ramos, M. Neves, J. Blanco, Marginal bone and soft tissue behavior following platform switching abutment connection/disconnection a dog model study. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 26, 983–991 (2015)
Y. Maeda, J. Miura, I. Taki, M. Sogo, Biomechanical analysis on platform switching: is there any biomechanical rationale? Clin. Oral Implants Res. 18, 581–584 (2007)
C.L. Chang, C.S. Chen, M.L. Hsu, Biomechanical effect of platform switching in implant dentistry: a three-dimensional finite element analysis. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 25, 295–304 (2010)
J. Schrotenboer, Y.P. Tsao, V. Kinariwala, H.L. Wang, Effect of platform switching on implant crest bone stress: a finite element analysis. Implant Dent. 18, 260–269 (2009)
E.P. Pellizzer, R.M. Falcòn-Antenucci, P.S. de Carvalho, J.F. Santiago, S.L. de Moraes, B.M. de Cravalho, Photoelastic analysis of the influence of platform switching on stress distribution in implants. J. Oral Implantol. 36(6), 419–430 (2010)
J. Hsu, F. Lj, D. Lin, Y. Shen, H. Hl, Bone strain and interfacial sliding analyses of platform switching and implant diameter on an immediately loaded implant: experimental and three-dimensional finite element analyses. J. Periodontol. 80, 1125–1132 (2009)
Y. Maeda, M. Horisaka, K. Yagi, Biomechanical rationale for a single implant-retained mandibular overdenture: an in vitro study. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 19, 271–275 (2008)
S. Liu, C. Tang, J. Yu, W. Dai, Y. Bao, D. Hu, The effect of platform switching on stress distribution in implants and periimplant bone studied by nonlinear finite element analysis. J. Prosthet. Dent. 112, 1111–1118 (2014)
T. Berglundh, J. Lindhe, Dimension of the peri-implant mucosa. Biological width revisited. J. Clin. Periodontol. 23, 971–973 (1996)
S. Hansson, The implant neck: Smooth or provided with retention elements. A biochemical approach. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 10, 394–405 (1999)
J.L. Ricci, J. Charvet, S. Frenkel et al., Bone response to laser microtextured surfaces, in Bone engineering, ed. by J.E. Davies (EM Squared, Toronto, 2000), pp. 282–294
H. Alexander, J.L. Ricci, G.J. Hrico, Mechanical basis for bone retention around dental implants. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 23, 200–210 (2007)
S. Botos, H. Yousef, B. Zweig, R. Flinton, S. Weiner, The effects of laser microtexturing of the implant collar on crestal bone levels and peri-implant health. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 26, 492–498 (2011)
R. Bassetti, R. Kaufmann, A. Ebinger, R. Mericske-Stern, N. Enkling, Is a grooved collar implant design superior to a machined design regarding bone level alteration? An observational pilot study. Quintessence Int. 45, 221–229 (2014)
T. Linkevicius, A. Puisys, O. Svediene, R. Linkevicius, L. Linkeviciene, Radiological comparison of laser- microtextured and platform-switched implants in thin mucosal biotype. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 26, 599–605 (2015)
R.J. Lazzara, S.S. Porter, Platform switching: a new concept in implant dentistry for controlling postrestorative crestal bone levels. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent. 26, 9–17 (2006)
R. Luongo, T. Traini, P.C. Guidone, G. Bianco, R. Cocchetto, R. Celletti, Hard and soft tissue responses to the platform-switching technique. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent. 28, 551–557 (2008)
N. Enkling, P. Johren, J. Katsoulis, S. Bayer, P.M. Jervoe-Storm, R. Mericske-Stern et al., Influence of platform switching on bone-level alterations: a three-year randomized clinical trial. J. Dent. Res. 92, 139s–145s (2013)
G. Telleman, G.M. Raghoebar, A. Vissink, H.J. Meijer, Impact of platform switching on peri-implant bone remodeling around short implants in the posterior region, 1-year results from a split-mouth clinical trial. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res. 16, 70–80 (2014)
L. Canullo, G.R. Fedele, G. Iannello, S. Jepsen, Platform switching and marginal bone-level alterations: the results of a randomized- controlled trial. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 21, 115–121 (2010)
R. Cocchetto, T. Traini, F. Caddeo, R. Celletti, Evaluation of hard tissue response around wider plat- form-switched implants. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent. 30, 163–171 (2010)
M. Hürzeler, S. Fickl, O. Zuhr, H.C. Wachtel, Peri-implant bone level around implants with platform-switched abutments: preliminary data from a prospective study. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 65(Suppl. 1), 33–39 (2007)
M. Cappiello, R. Luongo, D. Di Iorio, C. Bugea, R. Cocchetto, R. Celletti, Evaluation of peri-implant bone loss around platform-switched implants. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent. 28, 347–355 (2008)
L. Prosper, S. Redaelli, M. Pasi, F. Zarone, G. Radaelli, E.F. Gherlone, A randomized prospective multicenter trial evaluating the platform-switching technique for the prevention of postrestorative crestal bone loss. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 24, 299–308 (2009)
G.M. Baffone, D. Botticelli, F. Pantani, L.C. Cardoso, M.T. Schweikert, N.P. Lang, Influence of various implant platform configurations on peri-implant tissue dimensions: an experimental study in dog. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22, 438–444 (2011). A. Mombelli, M.A. Van Oosten, E. Schurch Jr, N.P. Land, The microbiota associated with successful or failing osseointegrated titanium implants. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2, 145–151 (1987)
U. Covani, S. Marconcini, R. Crespi, A. Barone, Bacterial plaque colonization around dental implant surfaces. Implant Dent. 15, 298–304 (2006)
J.S. Hermann, D.L. Cochran, P.V. Nummikoski, D. Buser, Crestal bone changes around titanium implants. A radiographic evaluation of unloaded nonsubmerged and submerged implants in the canine mandible. J. Periodontol. 68, 1117–1130 (1997)
M.P. Hanggi, D.C. Hanggi, J.D. Schoolfield, J. Meyer, D.L. Cochran, J.S. Hermann, crestal bone changes around titanium implants. Part I: a retrospective radiographic evaluation in humans comparing two non-submerged implant designs with different machined collar lengths. J. Periodontol. 76, 791–802 (2005)
J.S. Hermann, D. Buser, R.K. Schenk, D.L. Cochran, Crestal bone changes around titanium implants. A histometric evaluation of unloaded non-submerged and submerged implants in the canine mandible. J. Periodontol. 71, 1412–1424 (2000)
M. Degidi, D. Nardi, A. Piattelli, Immediate loading of the edentulous maxilla with a final restoration supported by an intraoral welded titanium bar: a case series of 20 consecutive cases. J. Periodontol. 79, 2207–2213 (2008)
A. Berberi, G. Tehini, K. Rifai, F.B.N. Eddine, B. Badran, H. Akl, Leakage evaluation of original and compatible implant–abutment connections: in vitro study using Rhodamine B. J Dent. Biomech. 5, 1–7 (2014)
D. Tripodi, G. Vantaggiato, A. Scarano, V. Perrotti, A. Piattelli, G. Iezzi, S. D’Ercole, An in vitro investigation concerning the bacterial leakage at implants with internal hexagon and morse taper implant-abutment connections. Implant Dent. 21, 335–339 (2012)
M.E. Jaworski, A.C. Moreira Melo, C.M. Telles Picheth, I.A. de Mattias Sartori, Analysis of the bacterial seal at the implant-abutment interface in external-hexagon and morse taper–connection implants: an in vitro study using a new methodology. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 27, 1091–1095 (2012)
E.A. Bratu, M. Tandlich, L. Shapira, A rough surface implant neck with microthreads reduces the amount of marginal bone loss: a prospective clinical study. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 20, 827–832 (2009)
S.Y. Lee, C.M. Piao, J.Y. Koak et al., A 3-year prospective radiographic evaluation of marginal bone level around different implant systems. J. Oral Rehabil. 37, 538–544 (2010)
H.J. Nickenig, M. Wichmann, K.A. Schlegel, E. Nkenke, S. Eitner, Radio- graphic evaluation of marginal bone levels adjacent to parallel- screw cylinder machined-neck implants and rough-surfaced microthreaded implants using digitized panoramic radiographs. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 20, 550–554 (2009)
D.W. Song, D.W. Lee, C.K. Kim, K.H. Park, I.S. Moon, Comparative analysis of peri-implant marginal bone loss based on microthread location: a 1-year prospective study after loading. J. Periodontol. 80, 1937–1944 (2009)
B.R. Chrcanovic, A.R. Pedrosa, M.D. Martins, Chemical and topographic analysis of treated surfaces of five different commercial dental titanium implants. Mater Res 15, 372–382 (2012)
B.R. Chrcanovic, N.L.C. Leao, M.D. Martins, Influence of different acid etchings on the superficial characteristics of Ti sandblasted with Al2O3. Mater Res 16, 1006–1014 (2013)
B.R. Chrcanovic, M.D. Martins, Study of the influence of acid etching treatments on the superficial characteristics of Ti. Mater Res 17, 373–380 (2014)
A. Wennerberg, T. Albrektsson, On implant surfaces: a review of current knowledge and opinions. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 25, 63–74 (2010)
M.R. Norton, Marginal bone levels at single tooth implants with a conical fixture design. The influence of surface macro- and microstructure. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 9, 91–99 (1998)
L. Canullo et al., Inclined implant platform for the amplified platform-switching concept: 18-month follow-up report of a prospective randomized matched-pair controlled trial. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 27, 927–934 (2012)
X. Rodriguez-Ciurana, X. Vela-Nebot, M. Segalà-Torres, C. Rodado-Alonso, V. Méndez-Blanco, M. Mata-Bugueroles, Biomechanical repercussions of bone resorption related to biologic width: a finite element analysis of three implant-abutment con- figurations. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent. 29, 479–487 (2009)
P.S. Wöhrle, Nobel perfect™ esthetic scalloped implant: rationale for a new design. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res. 5(s1), 64–73 (2003)
H. Nowzari, W. Chee, K. Yi, M. Pak, W.H. Chung, S. Rich, Scalloped dental implants: a retrospective analysis of radiographic and clinical outcomes of 17 NobelPerfectTM implants in 6 patients. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res. 8(1), 1–10 (2006)
J.Y. Kan, K. Rungcharassaeng, G. Liddelow, P. Henry, C.J. Goodacre, Periimplant tissue response following immediate provisional restoration of scalloped implants in the esthetic zone: a one-year pilot prospective multicenter study. J. Prosthet. Dent. 97(6), S109–S118 (2007)
L. den Hartog, H.J. Meijer, B. Stegenga, N. Tymstra, A. Vissink, G.M. Raghoebar, Single implants with different neck designs in the aesthetic zone: a randomized clinical trial. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 22(11), 1289–1297 (2011)
N. Tymstra, G.M. Raghoebar, A. Vissink, L. Den Hartog, K. Stellingsma, H.J. Meijer, Treatment outcome of two adjacent implant crowns with different implant platform designs in the aesthetic zone: a 1‐year randomized clinical trial. J. Clin. Periodontol. 38(1), 74–85 (2011)
A. Khraisat, A. Zembic, R.E. Jung, C.H. Hammerle, Marginal bone levels and soft tissue conditions around single-tooth implants with a scalloped neck design: results of a prospective 3-year study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 28(2), 550–555 (2012)
B.S. McAllister, Scalloped implant designs enhance interproximal bone levels. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent. 27(1), 9 (2007)
R. Noelken, T. Morbach, M. Kunkel, W. Wagner, Immediate function with NobelPerfect implants in the anterior dental arch. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent. 27(3), 277–285 (2007)
W.G. Van Nimwegen, G.M. Raghoebar, K. Stellingsma, N. Tymstra, A. Vissink, H.J. Meijer, Treatment outcome of two adjacent implant-supported restorations with different implant platform designs in the esthetic region: a five-year randomized clinical trial. Int. J. Prosthodont. 28(5), 490–498 (2014)
M. Bateli, W. Att, J.R. Strub, Implant neck configurations for preservation of marginal bone level: a systematic review. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 26(2), 290–303 (2010)
S. Bishti, J.R. Strub, W. Att, Effect of the implant–abutment interface on peri-implant tissues: a systematic review. Acta Odontol. Scand. 72(1), 13–25 (2015)
R. Adell, U. Lekholm, B. Rockler, P.I. Brånemark, A 15-year study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Int. J. Oral Surg. 10(6), 387–416 (1981)
T. Albrektsson, G. Zarb, P. Worthington, A.R. Eriksson, The long-term efficacy of currently used dental implants: a review and proposed criteria of success. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 1(1), 11–25 (1986)
G. Cardaropoli, U. Lekholm, J.L. Wennström, Tissue alterations at implant‐supported single‐tooth replacements: a 1‐year prospective clinical study. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 17(2), 165–171 (2006)
J. Becker et al., Influence of platform switching on crestal bone changes at non-submerged titanium implants: a histomorphometrical study in dogs. J. Clin. Periodontol. 34, 1089–1096 (2007)
M. Del Fabbro et al., Platform switching vs standard implants in partially edentulous patients using the dental tech implant system: clinical and radiological results from a prospective multicenter study. Clin. Oral Investig. 19(9), 2233–2244 (2015)
F.C. Lorenzoni et al., Sealing capability and SEM observation of the implant-abutment interface. Int. J. Dent. 2011, 864183 (2011)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Molina Rojas, G., Montalvo Arias, D. (2016). Platform Design. In: Iocca, O. (eds) Evidence-Based Implant Dentistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26872-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26872-9_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26870-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26872-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)