Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Implant Design and Implant Length

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Evidence-Based Implant Dentistry

  • 2004 Accesses

Abstract

Implant Design is a fundamental aspect of successful implant treatment. Its evolution has led to the development of 1000s of implant types manufactured by an ever increasing number of companies in both industrialized and developing countries. Implant body shapes can generally be classified into threaded,tapered or stepped designs and further subdivided into surface chemistry and material composition.

Improvements in implant design and its composition has prompted a rethink of selection criteria for different clinical scenarios, an example being the use of short implants to avoid the need of advanced bone grafting techniques.

Objective analysis if data from the used of short and varying implant diameter need to be carried out to allow a fair comparison of this trend and how it compared to the long term predictability that has been achieved with traditional implant lengths.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. D. Lesmes, Z. Laster, Innovations in dental implant design for current therapy. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. North Am. 23, 193–200 (2011)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. O.E. Ogle, Implant surface material, design, and osseointegration. Dent. Clin. N. Am. 59, 505–520 (2015)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Esposito, P. Coulthard, P. Thomsen, H.V. Worthington, The role of implant surface modifications, shape and material on the success of osseointegrated dental implants. A Cochrane systematic review. Eur. J. Prosthodont. Restor. Dent. 13(1), 15–31 (2005)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. B.E. Pjetursson, U. Bragger, N.P. Lang, M. Zwahlen, Comparison of survival and complication rates of tooth supported fixed dental prostheses (FPDs) and implant-supported FPDs and single crowns(SCs). Clin. Oral Implants Res. 18(Suppl 3), 97–113 (2007)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. V. Moraschini, L.A. Poubel, V.F. Ferreira, S. Barboza Edos, Evaluation of survival and success rates of dental implants reported in longitudinal studies with a follow-up period of at least 10 years: a systematic review. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 44(3), 377–388 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2014.10.023. Epub 2014 Nov 20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. S.R. Bernardes, C.A. de Araujo, A.J. Neto, P. Simamoto Junior, F.D. das Neves, Photoelastic analysis of stress patterns from different implant-abutment interfaces. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 24(5), 781–789 (2009)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. A.C. Freitas-Júnior, E.P. Rocha, E.A. Bonfante, E.O. Almeida, R.B. Anchieta, A.P. Martini, W.G. Assunção, N.R. Silva, P.G. Coelho, Biomechanical evaluation of internal and external hexagon platform switched implant-abutment connections: an in vitro laboratory and three-dimensional finite element analysis. Dent. Mater. 28(10), e218–e228 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.dental.2012.05.004. Epub 2012 Jun 8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. C. do Nascimento, P.K. Miani, V. Pedrazzi, R.B. Gonçalves, R.F. Ribeiro, A.C. Faria, A.P. Macedo, R.F. de Albuquerque Jr., Leakage of saliva through the implant-abutment interface: in vitro evaluation of three different implant connections under unloaded and loaded conditions. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 27(3), 551–560 (2012)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. H. Abuhussein, G. Pagni, A. Rebaudi, H.L. Wang, The effect of thread pattern upon implant osseointegration. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 21, 129–136 (2010)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. P.A. Frandsen, H. Christoffersen, T. Madsen, Holding power of different screws in the femoral head. A study in human cadaver hips. Acta Orthop. Scand. 55(3), 349–351 (1984)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. D. Siegele, U. Solesz, Numerical investigations of the influence of implant shape on stress distribution in the jaw bone. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 4, 333–340 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  12. M. Esposito, Y. Ardebili, HV. Worthington, Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 7(CD003815) (2014). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003815.pub4

  13. J.D. Bumgardner, J.G. Boring, R.C. Cooper Jr. et al., Preliminary evaluation of a new dental implant design in canine models. Implant Dent. 9, 252–260 (2000)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. C. Mish, Contemporary implant dentistry (Elsevier, St Louis, 2008)

    Google Scholar 

  15. H.J. Chun, S.Y. Cheong, J.H. Han, S.J. Heo, J.P. Chung, I.C. Rhyu, Y.C. Choi, H.K. Baik, Y. Ku, M.H. Kim, Evaluation of design parameters of osseointegrated dental implants using finite element analysis. J. Oral Rehabil. 29, 565–574 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Steigenga, K. Al-Shammari, C. Misch, F.H. Nociti Jr., H.L. Wang, Effects of implant thread geometry on percentage of osseointegration and resistance to reverse torque in the tibia of rabbits. J. Periodontol. 79, 2166–2172 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  17. E. Orsini, G. Giavaresi, A. Trirè, V. Ottani, S. Salgarello, Biomechanical evaluation of internal and external hexagon platform switched implant-abutment connections: an in vitro laboratory and three-dimensional finite element analysis. Dent. Mater. 28(10), e218–e228 (2012). doi:10.1016/j.dental.2012.05.004. Epub 2012 Jun 8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. L. Kong, B.L. Liu, K.J. Hu, D.H. Li, Y.L. Song, P. Ma, J. Yang, Optimized thread pitch design and stress analysis of the cylinder screwed dental implant. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 24(6), 509–512 (2006). 515

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. M.C. Goiato, D.M. dos Santos, D.M. dos Santos, J.F. Santiago Jr., A. Moreno, E.P. Pellizzer, Longevity of dental implants in type IV bone: a systematic review. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 43(9), 1108–1116 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2014.02.016. Epub 2014 Mar 27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. C. Passariello et al., In vitro adhesion of commensal and pathogenic bacteria to commercial titanium implants with different surfaces. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 26(2), 453–462 (2013)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. R. Depprich, H. Zipprich, M. Ommerborn, E. Mahn, L. Lammers, J. Handschel, C. Naujoks, H.P. Wiesmann, N.R. Kübler, U. Meyer, Osseointegration of zirconia implants: an SEM observation of the bone-implant interface. Head Face Med. 4, 25 (2008). doi:10.1186/1746-160X-4-25

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. F.P. Koch, D. Weng, S. Krämer, S. Biesterfeld, A. Jahn-Eimermacher, W. Wagner, Osseointegration of one-piece zirconia implants compared with a titanium implant of identical design: a histomorphometric study in the dog. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 21(3), 350–356 (2010). doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01832.x. Epub 2010 Jan 13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Gahlert, S. Röhling, M. Wieland, S. Eichhorn, H. Küchenhoff, H. Kniha, A comparison study of the osseointegration of zirconia and titanium dental implants. A biomechanical evaluation in the maxilla of pigs. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res. 12(4), 297–305 (2010). doi:10.1111/j.1708-8208.2009.00168.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. J.W. Park, Y.J. Kim, J.H. Jang, H. Song, Positive modulation of osteogenesis- and osteoclastogenesis-related gene expression with strontium-containing microstructured Ti implants in rabbit cancellous bone. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 101(1), 298–306 (2013). doi:10.1002/jbm.a.34433. Epub 2012 Oct 15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. A. Polini, J. Wang, H. Bai, Y. Zhu, A.P. Tomsia, C. Mao, Stable biofunctionalization of hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces by HA-binding/osteogenic modular peptides for inducing osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomater Sci 2, 1779–1786 (2014)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. S.C. Sartoretto, A.T. Alves, R.F. Resende, J. Calasans-Maia, J.M. Granjeiro, M.D. Calasans-Maia, Early osseointegration driven by the surface chemistry and wettability of dental implants. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 23(3), 279–287 (2015). doi:10.1590/1678-775720140483

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. D.M. Chung, T.J. Oh, J. Lee, C.E. Misch, H.L. Wang, Factors affecting late implant bone loss: a retrospective analysis. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 22(1), 117–126 (2007)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. S.C. Möhlhenrich, N. Heussen, D. Elvers, T. Steiner, F. Hölzle, A. Modabber, Compensating for poor primary implant stability in different bone densities by varying implant geometry: a laboratory study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. pii: S0901-5027(15)01297-7 (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2015.08.985

    Google Scholar 

  29. C.S. Petrie, J.L. Williams, Comparative evaluation of implant designs: influence of diameter, length, and taper on strains in the alveolar crest. A three-dimensional finite-element analysis. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 16(4), 486–494 (2005)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. A. Sharan, Madjar maxillary sinus pneumatization following extractions: a radiographic study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 23(1), 48–56 (2008)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. M. Esposito, G. Cannizzaro, E. Soardi, R. Pistilli, M. Piattelli, V. Corvino, P. Felice, Posterior atrophic jaws rehabilitated with prostheses supported by 6 mm-long, 4 mm-wide implants or by longer implants in augmented bone. Preliminary results from a pilot randomised controlled trial. Eur. J. Oral Implantol. 5(1), 19–33 (2012)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. S.A. Lee, C.T. Lee, M.M. Fu, W. Elmisalati, S.K. Chuang, Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials for the management of limited vertical height in the posterior region: short implants (5 to 8 mm) vs longer implants (>8 mm) in vertically augmented sites. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 29(5), 1085–1097 (2014). doi:10.11607/jomi.3504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. D. Peñarrocha-Oltra, A. Aloy-Prósper, J. Cervera-Ballester, M. Peñarrocha-Diago, L. Canullo, M. Peñarrocha-Diago, Implant treatment in atrophic posterior mandibles: vertical regeneration with block bone grafts versus implants with 5.5-mm intrabony length. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 29(3), 659–666 (2014). doi:10.11607/jomi.3262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. J.L. Calvo-Guirado, et al., Evaluation of extrashort 4-mm implants in mandibular edentulous patients with reduced bone height in comparison with standard implants: a 12-month results. Clin. Oral Implants Res. (2015). doi:10.1111/clr.12704

    Google Scholar 

  35. B. Al-Nawas, E. Schiegnitz, Augmentation procedures using bone substitute materials or autogenous bone - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Oral Implantol. 7 Suppl 2, S219–S234 (2014)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. R.J. Klijn, G.J. Meijer, E.M. Bronkhorst, J.A. Jansen, A meta-analysis of histomorphometric results and graft healing time of various biomaterials compared to autologous bone used as sinus floor augmentation material in humans. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 16(5), 493–507 (2010). doi:10.1089/ten.TEB.2010.0035

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. A. Monje, J. Fu, H. Chan, F. Suarez, P. Mareno, A. Catena, H. Wang, Do implant length and width matter for short dental implants(<10mm)? A meta-analysis of prospective studies. J. Periodontol. 84(12), 1783–1791 (2013). doi:10.1902/jop.2013.120745. Epub 2013 Mar 1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. U. Lekholm, J. Gunne, P. Henry et al., Survival of the Branemark implant in partially edentulous jaws: a 10-year prospective multicentre study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 14, 639–645 (1999)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. T. Jem, U. Lekholm, Oral implant treatment in posterior partially edentulous jaws: a 5 year follow-up report. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 8, 635–640 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  40. B. Friberg, T. Jemt, U. Lekholm, Early failures in 4,641 consecutively placed Brånemark dental implants: a study from stage 1 surgery to the connection of completed prostheses. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 6(2), 142–146 (1991)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. R.A. Jaffin, C.L. Berman, The excessive loss of Branemark fixtures in type IV bone: a 5-year analysis. J. Periodontol. 62(1), 2–4 (1991)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. G. Telleman, G.M. Raghoebar, A. Vissink, L. den Hartog, J.J. Huddleston Slater, H.J. Meijer, A systematic review of the prognosis of short (<10 mm) dental implants placed in the partially edentulous patient. J. Clin. Periodontol. 38(7), 667–676 (2011). doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01736.x. Epub 2011 May 12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. C.M. ten Bruggenkate, P. Asikainen, C. Foitzik, G. Krekeler, F. Sutter, Short (6-mm) nonsubmerged dental implants: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 1 to 7 years. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 13(6), 791–798 (1998)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. G. Cannizzaro, P. Felice, M. Leone, P. Viola, M. Esposito, Early loading of implants in the atrophic posterior maxilla: lateral sinus lift with autogenous bone and Bio-Oss versus crestal mini sinus lift and 8-mm hydroxyapatite-coated implants. A randomised controlled clinical trial. Eur. J. Oral Implantol. 2(1), 25–38 (2009)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. M. Esposito, G. Pellegrino, R. Pistilli, P. Felice, Rehabilitation of posterior atrophic edentulous jaws: prostheses supported by 5 mm short implants or by longer implants in augmented bone? One-year results from a pilot randomised clinical trial. Eur. J. Oral Implantol. 4(1), 21–30 (2011)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. L.A. Mezzomo, R. Miller, D. Triches, F. Alonso, R.S. Shinkai, Meta-analysis of single crowns supported by short (<10 mm) implants in the posterior region. J. Clin. Periodontol. 41(2), 191–213 (2014). doi:10.1111/jcpe.12180. Epub 2013 Nov 25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. F. Renouard, D. Nisand, Impact of implant length and diameter on survival rates. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 17 Suppl 2, 35–51 (2006)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. K. Gotfredsen, A. Wennerberg, C. Johansson, L.T. Skovgaard, E. Hjørting-Hansen, Anchorage of TiO2-blasted, HA-coated, and machined implants: an experimental study with rabbits. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 29(10), 1223–1231 (1995)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. C.A. Bain, P.K. Moy, The association between the failure of dental implants and cigarette smoking. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 8(6), 609–615 (1993)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. S. DeLuca, E. Habsha, G.A. Zarb, The effect of smoking on osseointegrated dental implants. Part I: implant survival. Int. J. Prosthodont. 19(5), 491–498 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. G. Tawil, N. Aboujaoude, Younan influence of prosthetic parameters on the survival and complication rates of short implants. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 21(2), 275–282 (2006)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. W.A. Soskolne, S. Cohen, L. Sennerby, A. Wennerberg, L. Shapira, The effect of titanium surface roughness on the adhesion of monocytes and their secretion of TNF-alpha and PGE2. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 13(1), 86–93 (2002)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. E. Conserva, M. Menini, G. Ravera, P. Pera, The role of surface implant treatments on the biological behavior of SaOS-2 osteoblast-like cells. An in vitro comparative study. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 24(8), 880–889 (2013). doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02397.x. Epub 2012 Jan 17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. V. Pivodova, J. Frankova, P. Dolezel, J. Ulrichova, The response of osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells to modified titanium surfaces. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 28(5), 1386–1394 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. I. Ortega-Oller, F. Suárez, P. Galindo-Moreno, L. Torrecillas-Martínez, A. Monje, A. Catena, H.L. Wang, The influence of implant diameter on its survival: a meta-analysis based on prospective clinical trials. J. Periodontol. 85(4), 569–580 (2014). doi:10.1902/jop.2013.130043. Epub 2013 Aug 1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Carenage, Trinidad and Tobago

    Nicholas Quong Sing BDS, MFD, FFD OSOM, cert OSOM

Authors
  1. Nicholas Quong Sing BDS, MFD, FFD OSOM, cert OSOM
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicholas Quong Sing BDS, MFD, FFD OSOM, cert OSOM .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. International Medical School, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Oreste Iocca

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Quong Sing, N. (2016). Implant Design and Implant Length. In: Iocca, O. (eds) Evidence-Based Implant Dentistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26872-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26872-9_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26870-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26872-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation