Abstract
This chapter provides a synthesis of the major literature concerning human rights, health and wellbeing and, especially, sexual and reproductive health among young people in a rapidly urbanising world. Key aspects relating to the structural determinants of health in urban slum settings and the major theories which have sought to explain it are described.
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Notes
- 1.
‘The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight goals to be achieved by 2015 that respond to the world’s main development challenges. The MDGs were established in the Millennium Declaration that was adopted by 189 nations-and signed by 147 heads of state and governments during the UN Millennium Summit in September 2000’ (Basic Education Coalition 2015). Three of the eight MDGs, eight of the 18 MDG targets and 18 of the 48 MDG indicators of progress are health related.
- 2.
The 1946 Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) preamble defines health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ and that ‘the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition’.
- 3.
‘Standard antiretroviral therapy (ART) consists of the combination of at least three antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to maximally suppress the HIV virus and stop the progression of HIV disease’ (WHO 2015).
- 4.
‘In its broadest sense, sexual and reproductive health includes: family planning; maternal and perinatal health; sexually transmitted and reproductive tract infections; and prevention of unsafe abortions’ (WHO 2013).
- 5.
UN-Habitat (2015) defines security of tenure as ‘the right of all individuals and groups to effective protection against forced evictions. This right is enshrined in various declarations – including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the international Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women, the Covenant on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination and the Convention on the Rights of the Child’ (UN-Habitat 2015).
- 6.
According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, homelessness is defined as the state of an individual or family who lacks a fixed, regular and adequate night-time residence. Chronic homelessness is defined as ‘an unaccompanied individual with a disabling condition who has either been continually homeless for a year or more or who has had at least four episodes of homelessness in the past three years’ (The National Alliance to End Homelessness 2012).
- 7.
Risky sex is behaviour that increases the risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections and experiencing unintended pregnancies. This behaviour includes: early sexual debut, multiple concurrent sexual partners, having sex under the influence of alcohol or drugs and unprotected sexual intercourse (webMD 2014).
- 8.
Addiction is defined as ‘…a persistent, compulsive dependence on a behaviour or substance; two types of addictions are noted: substance addictions (for example, alcoholism, drug abuse, and smoking); and process addictions (for example, gambling, spending, shopping, eating, and sexual activity)’ (The Free Dictionary 2015).
- 9.
SMART is the: Strategies for the Management of Antiretroviral Therapy, in which treatment breaks are not recommended (Siegel and El-Sadr 2006).
- 10.
Forced eviction is the removal of people against their will from homes or land they occupy and in the absence of legal protection and safeguards (Amnesty International 2009).
- 11.
Neo-Marxist approaches in the context of deviance studies have also been called ‘radical criminology’ (Thompson 2011).
- 12.
Gender-based violence refers to expectations and positions relating to social status based on gender which are in conflict with accepted modes of gender behaviour.
- 13.
‘The risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) is estimated to be between 26 and 31 times greater in people living with HIV (PLHIV) than among those without HIV infection. In 2013, there were nine million new cases of TB of which 1.1 million were among PLHIV’. TB is consistently found in poorer populations (WHO 2015).
- 14.
‘Commonly defined definitions of orphan and vulnerable children include: orphaned by the death of one or both parents; abandoned by parents; living in extreme poverty; living with a disability; affected by armed conflicts; abused by parents or their carers; malnourished due to extreme poverty; HIV-positive; marginalized, stigmatized or discriminated against. All vulnerable children have no reliable social safety networks to effectively manage the risks to which they are daily exposed’ (Home Grown School Feeding 2015).
- 15.
An unsafe abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by people lacking the necessary skills, or in an environment lacking minimal medical standards, or both (Wikipedia 2015).
- 16.
Social epidemiology has also been termed ‘medical sociology’.
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Jones, G. (2016). Vulnerability and Risk: Health and Wellbeing in the Slum. In: HIV and Young People. SpringerBriefs in Public Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26814-9_2
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