Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criterion for osteoporosis, launched in 1994, was based on the bone mineral density (BMD) T-score (<−2.5) and is still used in many healthcare systems as a necessary requirement for reimbursement of osteoporosis therapies that reduce fracture risk. However, as implied by this chapter title, and indeed the definition of osteoporosis itself (see Chap. 2), there is more to the assessment of fracture risk than simply the identification of BMD-defined osteoporosis.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
[No authors listed]. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1994;843:1–129.
Johnell O, et al. Predictive value of BMD for hip and other fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(7):1185–94.
Genant HK, et al. Noninvasive assessment of bone mineral and structure: state of the art. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(6):707–30.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE Clinical Guideline 146. Osteoporosis: assessing the risk of fragility fracture. 2012. DOI: guidance.nice.org.uk/CG146.
Knapp KM. Quantitative ultrasound and bone health. Salud Publica Mex. 2009;51(Suppl 1):S18–24.
International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Official Positions 2015 ISCD Combined. 2015.
Silva BC, et al. Trabecular bone score: a noninvasive analytical method based upon the DXA image. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(3):518–30.
Boutroy S, et al. In vivo assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(12):6508–15.
Vasikaran S, et al. International Osteoporosis Foundation and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine position on bone marker standards in osteoporosis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2011;49(8):1271–4.
Kanis JA. on behalf of the WHO Scientific Group, Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health-care level. Technical Report. 2008, WHO Collaborating Centre, University of Sheffield, UK: Sheffield.
Kanis JA, et al. SCOPE: a scorecard for osteoporosis in Europe. Arch Osteoporos. 2013;8(1–2):144.
Kanis JA, et al. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24(1):23–57.
Compston J, et al. Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and older men in the UK: National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG) update 2013. Maturitas. 2013;75(4):392–6.
Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Implications of absolute fracture risk assessment for osteoporosis practice guidelines in the USA. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(4):449–58.
Shepstone L, et al. Screening in the community to reduce fractures in older women (SCOOP): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10122):741–7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McCloskey, E.V. (2019). Evaluation of Fracture Risk. In: Ferrari, S., Roux, C. (eds) Pocket Reference to Osteoporosis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26757-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26757-9_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26755-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26757-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)