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References
General References
Egerton RF (2011) Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope, 3rd edn. Springer Science & Business Media, New York (A classic text, primarily for EELS but is also of great use for EFTEM)
Grogger W, Varela M, Ristau R, Schaffer B, Hofer F, Krishnan KM (2005) J Electron Spectrosc Related Phenom 143:139–147 (A review article on EFTEM focusing on nanometer resolution)
Reimer L (1995) Energy-Filtering Transmission Electron Microscopy. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol. 71. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (This is a fine book with a number of chapters written by experts in the field of EELS and EFTEM)
Sigle W (2005) Annu Rev Mater Res 35:239–314 (This is a long review article that deals with many of the topics covered in this chapter and some at a higher level.)
Specific References
Berger A, Kohl H (1993) Optimum imaging parameters for elemental mapping in an energy-filtering TEM. Optik 92:175–193
Egerton RF, Crozier PA (1997) The effect of lens aberrations on the spatial resolution of energy-filtered TEM image. Micron 28:117–124
Gubbens AJ, Barfels M, Trevor C, Twesten R, Mooney P, Thomas PJ, Menon NK, Kraus B, Mao C, McGinn B (2010) The GIF Quantum, a next generation post-column imaging energy filter. Ultramicroscopy 110:962–970
Hofer F, Warbichler P, Grogger W (1995) Imaging nanometer-sized precipitates in solids by electron spectroscopic imaging. Ultramicroscopy 59:15–31
Hofer F, Grogger W, Kothleitner G, Warbichler P (1997) Quantitative analysis of EFTEM elemental distribution images. Ultramicroscopy 67:83–103
Hunt JA, Williams DB (1991) Electron energy-loss spectrum-imaging. Ultramicroscopy 38:47–73
Jeanguillaume C, Trebbia P, Colliex C (1978) About the use of electron energy-loss spectroscopy for chemical mapping of thin foils with high spatial resolution. Ultramicroscopy 3:237–242
Krivanek OL, Gubbens AJ, Dellby N (1991) Development in EELS instrumentation for spectroscopy and imaging. Microsc Microanal M2:315–332
Krivanek OL, Kundmann MK, Kimoto K (1995) Spatial resolution in EFTEM maps. J Microsc 180:277–287
Lavergne J, Martin J, Belin B (1992) Interactive electron energy-loss mapping by the “imaging-spectrum” method. Microsc Microanal M3:517–528
Leapman RD (1986) Microbeam Analysis 1986. In: Romig AD, Chambers WF (eds) Quantitative electron energy loss spectroscopy and elemental mapping in biology. San Francisco Press, San Francisco, pp 187–191
Martin JMM, Vacher B, Ponsonnet L, Dupuis V (1996) Chemical bond mapping of carbon by image-spectrum EELS in the second derivative mode. Ultramicroscopy 65:229–238
Midgley PA, Saunders M (1996) Quantitative electron-diffraction – from atoms to bonds. Contemp Phys 37:441
Schaffer B, Grogger W, Kothleitner G (2004) Automated spatial drift correction for EFTEM image series. Ultramicroscopy 102:27–36
Schaffer B, Kothleitner G, Grogger W (2006) EFTEM spectrum imaging at high-energy resolution. Ultramicroscopy 106:1129–1138
Sigle W, Krämer S, Varshney V, Zern A, Eigenthaler U, Rühle M (2003) Plasmon energy mapping in energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 96:565–571
Thomas PJ, Midgley PA (2001) Image-Spectroscopy 2: the Removal of Plural Scattering from Extended Energy-Filtered Series by Fourier Deconvolution Techniques. Ultramicroscopy 88:187–194
Walther T (2003) Electron energy-loss spectroscopic profiling of thin film structures: 0.39 nm line resolution and 0.04 eV precision measurement of near-edge structure shifts at interfaces. Ultramicroscopy 96:401–411
Watanabe M, Allen FI (2012) The SmartEFTEM-SI method: Development of a new spectrum imaging acquisition scheme for quantitative mapping by energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 113:106–119
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Appendix
Appendix
13.1.1 Self-Assessment Questions
- Q13.1:
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What advantage(s) does zero-loss imaging have over regular bright field imaging in the TEM?
- Q13.2:
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What differences are there between three-window elemental mapping and jump-ratio imaging of a core-loss edge? Which should be used for quantitative mapping?
- Q13.3:
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Why is the microscope high tension used to perform EFTEM at an energy loss?
- Q13.4:
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In addition to thickness, what other physical properties from the specimen affect the intensity in a t/λ map?
- Q13.5:
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What effect does increasing the energy-selecting slit width have on i) the spatial resolution and ii) the recorded signal have when performing core-loss imaging?
- Q13.6:
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Why is an objective aperture inserted for EFTEM imaging?
- Q13.7:
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What advantages does EFTEM-SI offer over simple two- or three-window EFTEM mapping?
- Q13.8:
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What effect does diffraction-contrast have on EFTEM core-loss maps? What steps can be taken to reduce these effects?
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Thomas, P., Midgley, P. (2016). EFTEM. In: Carter, C., Williams, D. (eds) Transmission Electron Microscopy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26651-0_13
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