Skip to main content

Fan Experience in Spectator Sports and the Feeling of Social Connectedness

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Celebrating America’s Pastimes: Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie and Marketing?

Abstract

Hedonic consumption is often characterized by joint social experiences (Arnould and Price 1993; Holt 1995). Joint experiences involve sharing emotions with each other (Argo et al. 2008; Ramanathan and McGill 2007) and a certain feeling of belongingness may lead to increased hedonic value (Raghunathan and Corfman 2006). Customers of a hedonic mass service, e.g., spectator sports, may experience a variety of emotions during the course of consumption. These feelings vary from positive to negative, from strongly felt emotions to more subtle feelings, and have an impact on the value that a customer draws from the experience. However, to our knowledge the emotional state that arises because a customer feels connected to the collective of other customers has not been described yet. From the field of community research we know that people may feel relational bonds to others (McMillan 1996; McMillan and Chavis 1986). Such a feeling of connectedness may be viewed as the “emotional glue” between all customers in a spatially and timely limited frame. This emotion is qualitatively and semantically different from other feelings such as joy, fear, or anger and can be seen as a sign of homogeny of the group of customers. Despite the fact that customers differ strongly in psychometric and sociodemographic variables, they are all equal in the characteristic that they form a collective gathering. To a certain extent, a feeling of social connectedness may arise between consumers who do not even know each other.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Argo, J. J., Dahl, D. W., & Morales, A. C. (2008). Positive consumer contagion: Responses to attractive others in a retail context. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(6), 690–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnould, E. J., & Price, L. L. (1993). River magic: Extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1), 24–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biscaia, R., Correia, A., Rosado, A., Maroco, J., & Ross, S. (2012). The effects of emotions on football spectators’ satisfaction and behavioural intentions. European Sport Management Quarterly, 12(3), 227–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, N. M., & Nowell, B. (2014). Psychological sense of community: A new construct for the field of management. Journal of Management Inquiry, 23(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this “We”? Levels of collective identity and self representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 83–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J. T., & Patrick, W. (2009). Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection. New York, London: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, B. D., Suter, T. A., & Brown, T. J. (2008). Social versus psychological brand community: The role of psychological sense of brand community. Journal of Business Research, 61(4), 284–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clore, G. L., Ortony, A., & Foss, M. A. (1987). The psychological foundations of the affective lexicon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(4), 751–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derbaix, C., Decrop, A., & Cabossart, O. (2002). Colors and scarves: The symbolic consumption of material possessions by soccer fans. Advances in Consumer Research, 29(1), 511–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derbaix, C. M., & Pham, M. T. (1991). Affective reactions to consumption situations: A pilot investigation. Journal of Economic Psychology, 12(2), 325–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, C. R., & Dion, K. L. (2012). Group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Small Group Research, 43(6), 690–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, T. J. (1981). Psychological sense of community: Measurement and application. Human Relations, 34(9), 789–818.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Havlena, W. J., & Holbrook, M. B. (1986). The varieties of consumption experience: Comparing two typologies of emotion in consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(3), 394–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkley, L. C., Browne, M. W., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2005). How can I connect with thee?: Let Me count the ways. Psychological Science, 16(10), 798–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennig-Thurau, T., Groth, M., Paul, M., & Gremler, D. D. (2006). Are all smiles created equal? How emotional contagion and emotional labor affect service relationships. Journal of Marketing, 70(3), 58–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, E. C., & Holbrook, M. B. (1982). Hedonic consumption: Emerging concepts, methods and propositions. Journal of Marketing, 46(3), 92–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, D. B. (1995). How consumers consume: A typology of consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jahn, S., Drengner, J., Gaus, H., & Cornwell, T. (2011). Connected consumers: The influence of temporal sense of community, socio-emotional experience, and satisfaction on event loyalty. Advances in Consumer Research, 39, 556–558.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiangang, D., Fan, X., & Feng, T. (2011). Multiple emotional contagions in service encounters. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(3), 449–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognition & Emotion, 13(5), 505–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mano, H., & Oliver, R. L. (1993). Assessing the dimensionality and structure of the consumption experience: Evaluation, feeling, and satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(3), 451–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mattila, A. S., & Enz, C. A. (2002). The role of emotions in service encounters. Journal of Service Research, 4(4), 268–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D. C. (1961). The achieving society. Princeton, NJ: van Nostrand.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, D. W. (1996). Sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology, 24(4), 315–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moors, A. (2009). Theories of emotion causation: A review. Cognition & Emotion, 23(4), 625–662.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moors, A. (2014). Flavors of appraisal theories of emotion. Emotion Review, 6(4), 303–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, S., Russell‐Bennett, R., & Dagger, T. (2007). A typology of mass services: The role of service delivery and consumption purpose in classifying service experiences. Journal of Services Marketing, 21(7), 471–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nowell, B., & Boyd, N. (2010). Viewing community as responsibility as well as resource: Deconstructing the theoretical roots of psychological sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(7), 828–841.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obst, P., Zinkiewicz, L., & Smith, S. G. (2002). Sense of community in science fiction fandom, Part 1: Understanding sense of community in an international community of interest. Journal of Community Psychology, 30(1), 87–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, R. L. (1993). Cognitive, affective, and attribute bases of the satisfaction response. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(3), 418–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Páez, D., & Rimé, B. (2014). Collective emotional gatherings: their impact upon identity fusion, shared beliefs, and social integration. In C. von Scheve & M. Salmella (Eds.), Series in affective science. Collective emotions. Perspectives from psychology, philosophy, and sociology (pp. 204–231).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson, B. (1996). Emotions are social. British Journal of Psychology, pp., 663–683.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pescosolido, A. T., & Saavedra, R. (2012). Cohesion and sports teams: A review. Small Group Research, 43(6), 744–758.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pugh, S. D. (2001). Service with a smile: Emotional contagion in the service encounter. The Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 1018–1027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raghunathan, R., & Corfman, K. (2006). Is happiness shared doubled and sadness shared halved? Social influence on enjoyment of hedonic experiences. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(3), 386–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramanathan, S., & McGill, A. L. (2007). Consuming with others: Social influences on moment‐to‐moment and retrospective evaluations of an experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(4), 506–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richins, M. L. (1997). Measuring emotions in the consumption experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(2), 127–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, P., Schwartz, J., Kirson, D., & O‘Connor, C. (1987). Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1061–1086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tombs, A., & McColl-Kennedy, J. R. (2003). Social-servicescape conceptual model. Marketing Theory, 3(4), 447–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wann, D. L., Dolan, T. J., McGeorge, K. K., & Allison, J. A. (1994). Relationships between spectator identification and Spectators’ perceptions of influence, Spectators’ emotions, and competition outcome. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16(4), 347–364.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maximilian Stieler .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Academy of Marketing Science

About this paper

Cite this paper

Stieler, M., Germelmann, C.C. (2016). Fan Experience in Spectator Sports and the Feeling of Social Connectedness. In: Kim, K. (eds) Celebrating America’s Pastimes: Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie and Marketing?. Developments in Marketing Science: Proceedings of the Academy of Marketing Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26647-3_195

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics