The Use or Threat of Force in the South China Sea Disputes Since 1945: A Timeline

Pham, Van

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26152-2_25

Van Pham⁴

Part of the book series: Global Power Shift ((GLOBAL))

1 Citations

Abstract

In the context of the South China Sea disputes, under personal view of the authors, the threat or use of force are acts conducted by not only military forces but also other governmental agencies, particularly law enforcement agencies, against either governmental or civil vessels of another state. Accordingly, the following activities are included in the timeline:

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Notes

1.
Hee Kwon (2000, p. 92), Joyner (1998).
2.
Hayton (2014, p. 73).
3.
Dupont and Baker (2014), Heinzig (1976, p. 34).
4.
China Navy Encyclopedia, vol. 2, Beijing: Sea Tide Press, 1998, p. 1747. Cited in Elleman, (2010, p. 145).
5.
Ge, (1999, pp. 289–290). Cited in Fravel (2007/08, p. 75).
6.
Statement dated 16 January 1974 on the Communist China’s violation of the Sovereignty of the RV over Hoang Sa and Truong Sa Archipelagoes. File No 4617-DII-CH, National Archives Center II, Ho Chi Minh City: “On 11 January 1974, the Foreign Ministry of the Communist China suddenly and falsely claimed its sovereignty over Paracel and Spratly of the RV. One day after that, the spokesperson of the RV rejected that groundless claim. However, in the past few days, the Chinese Communist Government not only did not withdraw its irrational claim but also brazenly infringed on the territory of the RV by sending people and ships encroaching in the waters around the Robert Island, Duncan Island and Drummond of the Paracel Archipelago of the RV. These people also dared to land on these islands, erected tower and hoisted the flag of the Communist Chinese, thus fragrantly violated the sovereign and territorial and territorial integrity of the RV.” Cited in Luu Anh Ro, “China’s use of “Fishermen disguise—strange boat” tactic to gradually take the upper hand before launching a strike to seize Vietnam’s Paracel archipelago—as reflected in the archives of the Republic of Vietnam (1954–1974),” Proceedings of the conference “Paracel—Spratly Archipelagoes: Historical truth,” Da Nang 19–21 June 2014.
7.
Bill Hayton, Ibid., supra note 3, p. 74. Truong (2010).
8.
Minutes No 32/55 of the Cabinet Council’s Meeting on 16 January 1974, File No 6375—DII-CH. “The Foreign Ministry shall make every possible international and legal effort to reaffirm for the last time our sovereignty over Paracel, from historical aspect to international public law of international conferences… Use all channels to communicate with the violating countries; solemnly and widely publicize the actions and statements… of the Government within today, 16 July 1974. For foreign ships and boats currently present at the islands, the navy uses to the maximum extent the international law and other measures to chase them away. If they use force, we respond with force. Naval troops land on Robert and Duncan, take away foreign flag, install the Vietnamese flag and chase the foreigners away. The Navy is responsible for preventing all acts of installing flag and landing of people in the remaining islands, such as Drummond and Money. If necessary, the Navy must mobilize additional vehicles for the maximum protection of the Vietnamese sovereignty over Crescent Island and take all necessary measures.”
9.
Bill Hayton, Ibid., supra note 3: pp. 74–75.
10.
Bill Hayton, Ibid., supra note 3, pp 75–76. Vinh Truong, Ibid., supra note 8, pp. 472–473. Janes Fighting Ships. 1989–1990 (London: Janes Defense Data, 1990), pp. 109, 111. Cited in Garver (1992, p. 1001). “Saigon Says China Bombs 3 Isles and Land Troops,” The Associated Press, 20 January 1974. Shipler (1974a, 1974b).
11.
Valencia, (1988, p. 439). Cited in Bouchat (2013, p. 14). Van Dyke & Bennett (1993, p. 59).
12.
Jacobs (1992, pp. 278–281). Cited in Bateman & Emmers (2008, p. 49).
13.
Hai (2014).
14.
Lt. Colonel Zumwalt (2014).
15.
Cheung (1992, p. 19). Cited in Lt. Michael Studeman, (1998, pp. 68–90). Dutta (2005, p. 288). Da Ba Dau is currently unoccupied, according to Vietnamese journalists who visited Spratly islands.
16.
Tonnesson (2000, p. 210).
17.
Vietnam’s position is that the Vanguard Bank does not belong to the disputed Spratly archipelago and lies within Vietnam’s undisputed continental shelf.
18.
Klare (2001, p. 124). US Energy Information Administration, Analysis Briefs, “South China Sea”, March 2008. Cited in Lowther (2013). Shenon (1994).
19.
“China’s Military Threat Increasing,” Taiwan Communiqué No. 65, April 1995.
20.
US Energy Information Administration, Ibid., supra note 18, p. 122. Raman (1999). Storey (1999).
21.
Michael Klare, Ibid., supra note 18: p. 124.
22.
Chen (1995), Peng (1992). Cited in Joyner (1998).
23.
Vietnam News Agency 4 April 1995.
24.
“Chinese Refuse to Leave Philippine Waters.” Courier Mail, 3 May 3 1997. Cited in CNAS Flashpoints Timeline. US Energy Information Administration, Ibid. supra note 18, p. 122.
25.
US Energy Information Administration, Ibid., supra note 18, p. 122.
26.
Michael Klare, Ibid., supra note 18, p. 124.
27.
US Energy Information Administration, Ibid., p. 122. “Philippines Lodges Protest Over Shooting in Spratlys,” Deutsche Presse-Agentur, January 19, 1998. Cited in “The West Philippine Sea, The Territorial and Maritime Jurisdiction Disputes from a Filipino Perspective: A Primer.” The Asian Center and Institute for Maritime Affairs and Law of the Sea University of the Philippines April 2013: p. 57.
28.
US Energy Information Administration, Ibid., p. 122.
29.
US Energy Information Administration, Ibid., p. 122. Vanzi (1999).
30.
“Rich Region, Strong States: The Political Economy of Security in Asia,” SITC-NWC Policy Briefs 2013–7, April 2013: p. 5. “Philippine “regret” over Spratly sinking.” BBC News 20 July 1999.
31.
US Energy Information Administration, Ibid., p. 122.
32.
McLean (1999).
33.
Scaborough shoal standoff: A timeline. Inquirer.net 9 May 2012. (Balana 2000).
34.
“China Makes Representations to the Philippines on Killing of Fisherman.” People’s Daily 02 June 2000. US Energy Information Administration, Ibid., p. 122.
35.
“Row Grows Over Disputed Spratly Island,” CNN 21 March 2001. Renato Cruz De Castro. “China’s Realpolitik Approach in the South China Sea Dispute: The Case of the 2012 Scarborough Shoal Stand-Off”. Paper submitted for “Managing Tensions in the South China Sea” conference held by CSIS on June 5-6, 2013. US Energy Information Administration, Ibid., p. 122.
36.
US Energy Information Administration, Ibid., p. 122. Talosig (2001).
37.
Glaser (2012).
38.
“U.S. Aircraft Collides with Chinese Fighter, Forced to Land,” CNN 1 April 2001; Bateman and Emmers (2008).
39.
Valencia (2009).
40.
Thanh Lam (2004). US Energy Information Administration, Ibid., p. 122. Emmers (2012).
41.
Vietnamese fishermen killed in territory dispute. ABC News 13 January 2005.
42.
“Phía Trung Quốc phải xử lý những kẻ bắn ngư dân VN,” Vietnamnet 18 January 2005. Vietnamese Foreign Ministry issued a Press Release on the incident on 16 January 2005. (http://www.mofa.gov.vn/vi/nr040807104143/nr040807105001/ns050117170913).
43.
Chinese navy fires at Vietnamese fishing ship, injuring 5. Kyodo 21 July 2007.
44.
“Pentagon Says Chinese Vessels Harassed U.S. Ship.” CNN, 9 March 2009. “Chinese Ships ‘Harass’ US Vessel.” BBC News, 9 March 2009.
45.
“China sub collides with array towed by U.S. ship: report.” Reuters, 12 June 2009.
46.
Loveard (2009).
47.
“China Seizes Vietnamese Fishing Boat,” Deutsche Presse-Agentur, April 19, 2010. Thayer (2010).
48.
Dupont and Baker (2014), Budianto (2012).
49.
SITC-NWC Policy Briefs, Ibid., supra note 30, p. 5; Le Mière (2014), Currie (2010), Dupont and Baker (2014), Budianto (2012).
50.
“National, world security closely linked: minister.” Vietnam News 7 June 2011.
51.
Pham (2010).
52.
Jamandre (2011).
53.
Gomez (2011).
54.
H. Res. 714, Introduced at 113th U.S. Congress, 2013–2015, Passed on 3 Dec 2014. “Philippines halts tests after China patrol challenge.” BBC News 8 March 2011.
55.
Thayer (2011); “Manila Daily Berates China Over Violation of South China Sea Code of Conduct,” The Philippine Star 4 June 2011. Cited in CNAS Flashpoints Timeline.
56.
Press Conference on Chinese maritime surveillance vessel’s cutting exploration cable of Petro Vietnam Seismic Vessel. Vietnam’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs 29 May 2011, accessed online at http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/tt_baochi/pbnfn/ns110530220030 on 11 May 2015. “Vietnam accuses China in seas dispute.” BBC News 30 May 2011, accessed online at http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13592508 on 11 May 2015.
57.
China’s Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu’s Regular Press Conference on 31 May 2011.
58.
H.Res. 714. Ibid., supra note 55. “East Sea undercurrents.” Thanh Nien News 10 June 2011, accessed online at http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/east-sea-undercurrents-11927.html on 11 May 2015.
59.
Regular Press Briefing by Vietnam MOFA’s Spokesperson Nguyen Phuong Nga on 9 June, 2011.
60.
H. Res. 714. Ibid., supra note 55.
61.
H. Res.352 - 112th U.S. Congress (2011–2012). Introduced on 15 July 2011.
62.
“Vietnam: Chinese Soldiers Attack Fishermen,” Philippine Inquirer, 14 July 2011.
63.
Ibid., supra note 55.
64.
“Chinese warship confronts Indian naval ship: Report.” IBN Live 1 September 2011, accessed online at http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chinese-warship-confronts-indian-naval-ship-report/180479-3.html on 11 May 2015.
65.
“Vietnam protests China’s acts against fishermen.” Vietnam’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1 March 2012, accessed online at http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/tt_baochi/pbnfn/ns120301165106 on 10 May 2015.
66.
Jeremy Page, “Beijing in Fresh Sea Row With Hanoi,” The Wall Street Journal, 1 March 2012; “Vietnam Says China Assaulted Fishermen,” Associated Press, 1 March 2012. Cited in CNAS Flashpoints Timeline.
67.
Wong (2012).
68.
“Vietnam asks China to immediately and unconditionally release all fishermen.” Vietnam’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22 March 2012, accessed online at http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/tt_baochi/pbnfn/ns120322165528 on 10 May 2015.
69.
Gomez (2012), Hookway (2012), Perlez (2012). Cited in CNAS Flashpoints Timeline.
70.
Del Callar (2012), Keating (2012), Reyes (2012).
71.
“Chinese boats cause cable cut to Vietnam’s ship.” Tuoi Tre News 4 December 2012, accessed online at http://tuoitrenews.vn/society/4755/chinese-boats-cause-cable-cut-to-vietnam%E2%80%99s-ship on 10 May 2015.
72.
“Lính Trung Quốc đã chĩa súng uy hiếp ngư dân Việt Nam,” Sống Mới 18 March 2013.
73.
Hanoi accuses Chinese of firing at boat. The Associated Press 26 March 2013, accessed online at http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/5d14a1da-963d-11e2-9ab2-00144feabdc0.html?siteedition = uk on 10 May 2015.
74.
Ventrell (2013).
75.
“Philippines admits shooting of Taiwanese fisherman.” The Deutsch Welle 10 May 2013. “PHL Navy ship fires upon Taiwan fishing boat, one dead - report,” GMA News 10 May 2013.
76.
S.Res.412—113th Congress (2013–2014). Agreed to Senate on 07 October 2014. “Trust-building needed to cut Gordian Knot of China-US military ties.” Global Times 18 December 2013, accessed online at http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/832838.shtml on 11 May 2015. Bodeen (2013).
77.
Website of Vietnamese Fishery Society, accessed online at http://www.hoinghecavietnam.org.vn/tinchitiet.aspx?newsid = 194&&cateid = 11 on 23 January 2014.
78.
S.Res.412—113th Congress (2013–2014). Ibid.
79.
S.Res.412—113th Congress (2013–2014). Ibid. Hậu & Hạ, (2015). “Cận cảnh vũ khí Trung Quốc ở khu vực giàn khoan Hải Dương 981.” VTV1/So Ha News 8 June 2014, accessed online at http://soha.vn/quan-su/can-canh-vu-khi-trung-quoc-o-khu-vuc-gian-khoan-hai-duong-981-20140608072515105.htm on 11 May 2015.
80.
Ito (2014).
81.
Rear Admiral John Kirby. “Department of defense press briefing by Admiral Kirby in the Pentagon Briefing Room.” U.S. Department of Defense 22 August 2014, accessed online at http://www.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID = 5493 on 10 May 2015.
82.
“China defends interception of US Navy aircraft.” Deutsche Welle 24 August 2014, accessed online at http://www.dw.de/china-defends-interception-of-us-navy-aircraft/a-17874119 on 10 May 2015. Sha (2014).
83.
Nguyễn (2014). “Chủ tịch Nghiệp đoàn Nghề cá xã An Hải, huyện Lý Sơn kêu gọi giúp đỡ ngư dân bị tàu Trung Quốc đập phá, cướp cá,” Lao Dong 6 January 2014, accessed online at http://laodong.com.vn/xa-hoi/chu-tich-nghiep-doan-nghe-ca-xa-an-hai-huyen-ly-son-keu-goi-giup-do-ngu-dan-bi-tau-trung-quoc-dap-pha-cuop-ca-171945.bld on 6 January 2014 “Ngư dân lại bị cướp ngư cụ ở biển Hoàng Sa,” ANTV 3 March 2014, accessed online at http://www.antv.gov.vn/tin-tuc/an-ninh-trat-tu/ngu-dan-lai-bi-cuop-ngu-cu-o-bien-hoang-sa-2984.html on 5 March 2014. Tweed (2014). “Chinese ships reportedly ram, fire water cannons at Vietnamese fishing boats.” Tuoi Tre News 29 November 2014, accessed online at http://tuoitrenews.vn/society/24354/chinese-ships-reportedly-ram-fire-water-cannons-at-vietnamese-fishing-boats on 14 December 2014.
84.
Gomez (2014), Datu (2014), Guinto (2015).
85.
“Chinese armed forces destroy equipment, steal property from Vietnamese fishing boat: report,” Tuoi Tre News 10 January 2015. “Two more Vietnamese fishing boats attacked by Chinese vessels,” Tuoi Tre News 13 January 2015.
86.
“China challenges US plane during Balikatan war games.” Rappler 9 May 2015, accessed online at http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/92637-us-plane-south-china-sea on 10 May 2015.
87.
Fonbuena (2015).
88.
Ibid.
89.
Tuoi Tre News (2015, 27 November). Chinese warship soldiers point guns at Vietnamese supply boat in Vietnam’s waters. http://tuoitrenews.vn/society/31908/chinese-warship-soldiers-point-guns-at-vietnamese-supply-boatin-vietnams-waters (01.12.2015).
90.
Truong M. V. & J. Lagelee (2015). South China Sea: Hanoi and Manila Are Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place, The National Interest, 16 November, http://www.nationalinterest.org/feature/south-china-sea-hanoi-manila-are-caught-between-rock-hard-14347.

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Pham, V. (2016). The Use or Threat of Force in the South China Sea Disputes Since 1945: A Timeline. In: Fels, E., Vu, TM. (eds) Power Politics in Asia’s Contested Waters. Global Power Shift. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26152-2_25

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26152-2_25
Published: 20 February 2016
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26150-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26152-2
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)

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