Abstract
Titania (TiO2) represents the most widely used semiconductor photocatalysts and photovoltaics (Bach et al., Nature 395:583–585, 1998; Chen et al., Chem Soc Rev 39:4206–4219, 2010), and its performances heavily governed by the physical and chemical properties such as surface area, particle size, micro/nanostructures, exposed crystal planes, and surface chemistry (Dai et al., Nano Lett 9:2455–2459, 2009; Feng et al., Nano Lett 8:3781–3786, 2008; Liu et al., J Am Chem Soc 131:12868–12869, 2009; Yang et al., J Am Chem Soc 131:4078–4083, 2009). The structural parameters depend on the control of hydrolysis, condensation and crystallization of TiO2 precursors by the different synthesis methods. The aim of this chapter is to present the solvothermal and supercritical fluid methods, and to examine the influence of synthesis process on material structure and performance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Bach U, Lupo D, Comte P, Moser JE, Weissortel F, Salbeck J, Spreitzer H, Gratzel M (1998) Solid-state dye-sensitized mesoporous TiO2 solar cells with high photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies. Nature 395:583–585
Chen C, Ma W, Zhao J (2010) Semiconductor-mediated photodegradation of pollutants under visible-light irradiation. Chem Soc Rev 39:4206–4219
Dai Y, Cobley CM, Zeng J, Sun Y, Xia Y (2009) Synthesis of anatase TiO2 nanocrystals with exposed {001} facets. Nano Lett 9:2455–2459
Feng X, Shankar K, Varghese OK, Paulose M, Latempa TJ, Grimes CA (2008) Vertically aligned single crystal TiO2 nanowire arrays grown directly on transparent conducting oxide coated glass: synthesis details and applications. Nano Lett 8:3781–3786
Liu G, Yang HG, Wang X, Cheng L, Pan J, Lu GQ, Cheng H-M (2009) Visible light responsive nitrogen doped anatase TiO2 sheets with dominant {001} facets derived from TiN. J Am Chem Soc 131:12868–12869
Yang HG, Liu G, Qiao SZ, Sun CH, Jin YG, Smith SC, Zou J, Cheng HM, Lu GQ (2009) Solvothermal synthesis and photoreactivity of anatase TiO2 nanosheets with dominant {001} facets. J Am Chem Soc 131:4078–4083
Zhu J, Yang J, Bian ZF, Ren H, Liu YM, Cao Y, Li HX, He HY, Fan KN (2007) Nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 photocatalysts prepared via a facile low temperature nonhydrolytic sol-gel reaction of TiC14 and benzyl alcohol. Appl Catal B 76:82–91
Zhu H, Bian Z-F, Ren H, Liu Y-M, Cao Y, Li H-X, Dai W-L, He H-Y, Fan K-N (2007) An integrated low temperature approach to highly photoactive nanocrystalline mesostructured titania. Catal Commun 8:971–976
Zhu J, Wang S, Bian Z, Xie S, Cai C, Wang J, Yang H, Li H (2010) Solvothermally controllable synthesis of anatase TiO2 nanocrystals with dominant {001} facets and enhanced photocatalytic activity. CrystEngComm 12:2219–2224
Caruso RA, Schattka JH, Greiner A (2001) Titanium dioxide tubes from sol-gel coating of electrospun polymer fibers. Adv Mater 13:1577–1579
Dinsmore AD, Hsu MF, Nikolaides MG, Marquez M, Bausch AR, Weitz DA (2002) Colloidosomes: selectively permeable capsules composed of colloidal particles. Science 298:1006–1009
Mitchell DT, Lee SB, Trofin L, Li NC, Nevanen TK, Soderlund H, Martin CR (2002) Smart nanotubes for bioseparations and biocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 124:11864–11865
Qi LM, Li J, Ma JM (2002) Biomimetic morphogenesis of calcium carbonate in mixed solutions of surfactants and double-hydrophilic block copolymers. Adv Mater 14:300–303
Afanasiev P, Bezverkhy I (2003) Genesis of vesicle-like and tubular morphologies in inorganic precipitates: amorphous Mo oxysulfides. J Phys Chem B 107:2678–2683
Guo CW, Cao Y, Xie SH, Dai WL, Fan KN (2003) Fabrication of mesoporous core-shell structured titania microspheres with hollow interiors. Chem Commun 6:700–701
Yang HG, Zeng HC (2004) Preparation of hollow anatase TiO2 nanospheres via Ostwald ripening. J Phys Chem B 108:3492–3495
Yin YD, Rioux RM, Erdonmez CK, Hughes S, Somorjai GA, Alivisatos AP (2004) Formation of hollow nanocrystals through the nanoscale Kirkendall effect. Science 304:711–714
Li H, Bian Z, Zhu J, Zhang D, Li G, Huo Y, Li H, Lu Y (2007) Mesoporous titania spheres with tunable chamber structure and enhanced photocatalytic activity. J Am Chem Soc 129:8406–8407
Lv F, Xiao S, Zhu J, Li H (2014) Dye-sensitized solar cells with enhanced efficiency using hierarchical TiO2 spheres as a scattering layer. RSC Adv 4:36206–36211
Gomathi A, Vivekchand SRC, Govindaraj A, Rao CNR (2005) Chemically bonded ceramic oxide coatings on carbon nanotubes and inorganic nanowires. Adv Mater 17:2757–2761
Shankar K, Basham JI, Allam NK, Varghese OK, Mor GK, Feng X, Paulose M, Seabold JA, Choi K-S, Grimes CA (2009) Recent advances in the use of TiO2 nanotube and nanowire arrays for oxidative photoelectrochemistry. J Phys Chem C 113:6327–6359
Ohsaki Y, Masaki N, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Okamoto T, Sekino T, Niihara K, Yanagida S (2005) Dye-sensitized TiO2 nanotube solar cells: fabrication and electronic characterization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 7:4157–4163
Tachikawa T, Tojo S, Fujitsuka M, Sekino T, Majima T (2006) Photoinduced charge separation in titania nanotubes. J Phys Chem B 110:14055–14059
Tsai CC, Teng HS (2004) Regulation of the physical characteristics of titania nanotube aggregates synthesized from hydrothermal treatment. Chem Mater 16:4352–4358
Chanmanee W, Watcharenwong A, Chenthamarakshan CR, Kajitvichyanukul P, de Tacconi NR, Rajeshwar K (2008) Formation and characterization of self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays by pulse anodization. J Am Chem Soc 130:965–974
Bian Z, Zhu J, Cao F, Huo Y, Lu Y, Li H (2010) Solvothermal synthesis of well-defined TiO2 mesoporous nanotubes with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Chem Commun 46:8451–8453
Chen X, Mao SS (2007) Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, modifications, and applications. Chem Rev 107:2891–2959
Hong Z, Wei M, Lan T, Jiang L, Cao G (2012) Additive-free synthesis of unique TiO2 mesocrystals with enhanced lithium-ion intercalation properties. Energy Environ Sci 5:5408–5413
Jiao W, Wang L, Liu G, Lu GQ, Cheng H-M (2012) Hollow anatase TiO2 single crystals and mesocrystals with dominant {101} facets for improved photocatalysis activity and tuned reaction preference. ACS Catal 2:1854–1859
Bian Z, Zhu J, Wen J, Cao F, Huo Y, Qian X, Cao Y, Shen M, Li H, Lu Y (2011) Single-crystal-like titania mesocages. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:1105–1108
Zhu J, Wang J, Lv F, Xiao S, Nuckolls C, Li H (2013) Synthesis and self-assembly of photonic materials from nanocrystalline titania sheets. J Am Chem Soc 135:4719–4721
Zhu J, Ren J, Huo Y, Bian Z, Li H (2007) Nanocrystalline Fe/TiO2 visible photocatalyst with a mesoporous structure prepared via a nonhydrolytic sol-gel route. J Phys Chem C 111:18965–18969
Bian Z, Ren J, Zhu J, Wang S, Lu Y, Li H (2009) Self-assembly of Bi x Ti1−x O2 visible photocatalyst with core-shell structure and enhanced activity. Appl Catal B 89:577–582
Liu B, Zeng HC (2004) Fabrication of ZnO “dandelions” via a modified Kirkendall process. J Am Chem Soc 126:16744–16746
Bian Z, Zhu J, Cao F, Lu Y, Li H (2009) In situ encapsulation of Au nanoparticles in mesoporous core-shell TiO2 microspheres with enhanced activity and durability. Chem Commun 25:3789–3791
Zhu J, Wang S, Wang J, Zhang D, Li H (2011) Highly active and durable Bi2O3/TiO2 visible photocatalyst in flower-like spheres with surface-enriched Bi2O3 quantum dots. Appl Catal B 102:120–125
Asahi R, Morikawa T, Ohwaki T et al (2001) Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides. Science 293:269–271
Choi H, Antoniou MG, Pelaez M et al (2007) Mesoporous nitrogen-doped TiO2 for the photocatalytic destruction of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR under visible light irradiation. Environ Sci Technol 41:7530–7535
Chen C, Bai H, Chang C (2007) Effect of plasma processing gas composition on the nitrogen-doping status and visible light photocatalysis of TiO2. J Phys Chem C 111:15228–15235
Kitano M, Funatsu K, Matsuoka M et al (2006) Preparation of nitrogen-substituted TiO2 thin film photocatalysts by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering deposition method and their photocatalytic reactivity under visible light irradiation. J Phys Chem B 110:25266–25727
Tian FH, Liu CB (2006) DFT description on electronic structure and optical absorption properties of anionic S-doped anatase TiO2. J Phys Chem B 110:17866–17871
Wang J, Zhang Q, Yin S et al (2007) Raman spectroscopic analysis of sulphur-doped TiO2 by co-grinding with TiS2. J Phys Chem Solids 68:189–192
Ho W, Yu JC, Lee S (2006) Low-temperature hydrothermal synthesis of S-doped TiO2 with visible light photocatalytic activity. J Solid State Chem 179:1171–1176
Park JS, Choi W (2004) Enhanced remote photocatalytic oxidation on surface-fluorinated TiO2. Langmuir 20:11523–11527
Yu JC, Yu JG, Ho WK et al (2002) Effects of F-doping on the photocatalytic activity and microstructures of nanocrystalline TiO2 powders. Chem Mater 14:3808–3816
Park JH, Kim S, Bard AJ (2006) Novel carbon-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays with high aspect ratios for efficient solar water splitting. Nano Lett 6:24–28
Ren WJ, Ai ZH, Jia FL et al (2007) Low temperature preparation and visible light photocatalytic activity of mesoporous carbon-doped crystalline TiO2. Appl Catal B 69:138–144
Wu GS, Nishikawa T, Ohtani B et al (2007) Synthesis and characterization of carbon-doped TiO2 nanostructures with enhanced visible light response. Chem Mater 19:4530–4537
Bacsa R, Kiwi J, Ohno T et al (2005) Preparation, testing and characterization of doped TiO2 active in the peroxidation of biomolecules under visible light. J Phys Chem B 109:5994–6003
Chen XF, Wang XC, Hou YD et al (2008) The effect of postnitridation annealing on the surface property and photocatalytic performance of N-doped TiO2 under visible light irradiation. J Catal 255:59–67
Guo Y, Zhang XW, Han GR (2006) Investigation of structure and properties of N-doped TiO2 thin films grown by APCVD. Mater Sci Eng B 135:83–87
Li D, Haneda H, Hishita S et al (2005) Visible-light-driven N-F-codoped TiO2 photocatalysts. 1. Synthesis by spray pyrolysis and surface characterization. Chem Mater 17:2588–2595
Li D, Haneda H, Hishita S, Ohashi N et al (2005) Fluorine-doped TiO2 powders prepared by spray pyrolysis and their improved photocatalytic activity for decomposition of gas-phase acetaldehyde. J Fluorine Chem 126:69–77
Borras A, Lopez C, Rico V et al (2007) Effect of visible and UV illumination on the water contact angle of TiO2 thin films with incorporated nitrogen. J Phys Chem C 111:1801–1808
Watanabe K, Menzel D, Nilius N et al (2006) Photochemistry on metal nanoparticles. Chem Rev 106:4301–4320
Thompson TL, Yates JT (2006) Surface science studies of the photoactivation of TiO2- new photochemical processes. Chem Rev 106:4428–4453
Gourinchas-Courtecuisse V, Bocquet F, Chhor K et al (1996) Modeling of a continuous reactor for TiO2 powder synthesis in a supercritical fluid - experimental validation. J Supercritical Fluids 9:222–226
An GM, Ma WH, Sun ZY et al (2007) Preparation of titania/carbon nanotube composites using supercritical ethanol and their photocatalytic activity for phenol degradation under visible light irradiation. Carbon 45:1795–1801
Aymonier C, Loppinet-Serani A, Reveron H et al (2006) Review of supercritical fluids in inorganic materials science. J Supercritical Fluids 38:242–251
Li HX, Li JX, Huo YN (2006) Highly active TiO2N photocatalysts prepared by treating precursors in NH3/EtOH fluid under supercritical conditions. J Phys Chem B 110:1559–1565
Li HX, Zhang XY, Huo YN et al (2007) Supercritical preparation of a highly active S-doped TiO2 photocatalyst for methylene blue mineralization. Environ Sci Technol 41:4410–4414
Huo YN, Jin Y, Zhu J et al (2009) Highly active TiO2−x−y N x F y visible photocatalyst prepared under supercritical conditions in NH4F/EtOH fluid. Appl Catal B 89:543–550
Wu XH, Ding XB, Qin W et al (2006) Enhanced photo-catalytic activity of TiO2 films with doped La prepared by micro-plasma oxidation method. J Hazard Mater 137:192–197
Yuan S, Sheng QR, Zhang JL et al (2005) Synthesis of La3+ doped mesoporous titania with highly crystallized walls. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 79:93–99
Huo YN, Zhu J, Li JX et al (2007) An active La/TiO2 photocatalyst prepared by ultrasonication-assisted sol-gel method followed by treatment under supercritical conditions. J Mol Catal A 278:237–243
Huo YN, Zhang XY, Jin Y et al (2008) Highly active La2O3/Ti1−x B x O2 visible light photocatalysts prepared under supercritical conditions. Appl Catal B 83:78–84
Yu J C, Wu L, Lin J et al (2003) Microemulsion-mediated solvothermal synthesis of nanosized CdS-sensitized TiO2 crystalline photocatalyst. Chem Commun 13:1552–1553
Wu L, Yu JC, Fu XZ (2006) Characterization and photocatalytic mechanism of nanosized CdS coupled TiO2 nanocrystals under visible light irradiation. J Mol Catal A 244:25–32
Huo YN, Yang XL, Zhu J et al (2011) Highly active and stable CdS-TiO2 visible photocatalyst prepared by in-situ sulfurization under supercritical conditions. Appl Catal B 106:69–75
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by NFSC (21261140333, 21237003, 21407106, 21207091, 21522703, 21577092), Shanghai government (14ZR1430800, 13SG44, 15520711300), and Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT1269) and International Joint Laboratory on Resource Chemistry (IJLRC). Research is also supported by The Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bian, Z., Huo, Y., Li, H. (2016). Novel Titanium Oxide Materials Synthesized by Solvothermal and Supercritical Fluid Processes. In: Yamashita, H., Li, H. (eds) Nanostructured Photocatalysts. Nanostructure Science and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26079-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26079-2_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26077-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26079-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)