Abstract
Lipids are one of the major subcellular components, and play numerous essential functions. As well as their physiological roles, oils stored in biomass are useful commodities for a variety of biotechnological applications including food, chemical feedstocks, and fuel. Due to their agronomic as well as economic and societal importance, lipids have historically been subjected to intensive studies. Major current efforts are to increase the energy density of cell biomass, and/or create designer oils suitable for specific applications. This chapter covers some basic aspects of what one needs to know about lipids: definition, structure, function, metabolism and focus is also given on the development of modern lipid analytical tools and major current engineering approaches for biotechnological applications. This introductory chapter is intended to serve as a primer for all subsequent chapters in this book outlining current development in specific areas of lipids and their metabolism.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Banerjee A, Sharma R, Chisti Y, Banerjee UC (2002) Botryococcus braunii: a renewable source of hydrocarbons and other chemicals. Crit Rev Biotechnol 22(3):245–279. doi:10.1080/07388550290789513
Bao XM, Pollard M, Ohlrogge J (1998) The biosynthesis of erucic acid in developing embryos of Brassica rapa. Plant Physiol 118(1):183–190. doi:10.1104/pp. 118.1.183
Bao X, Katz S, Pollard M, Ohlrogge J (2002) Carbocyclic fatty acids in plants: biochemical and molecular genetic characterization of cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis of Sterculia foetida. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99(10):7172–7177. doi:10.1073/pnas.092152999
Boss WF, Im YJ (2012) Phosphoinositide signaling. Annu Rev Plant Biol 63(1):409–429. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103840
Cagnon C, Mirabella B, Nguyen HM, Beyly-Adriano A, Bouvet S, Cuine S, Beisson F, Peltier G, Li-Beisson Y (2013) Development of a forward genetic screen to isolate oil mutants in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biotechnol Biofuels 6(1):178
Carlsson AS, Yilmaz JL, Green AG, Stymne S, Hofvander P (2011) Replacing fossil oil with fresh oil – with what and for what? Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 113(7):812–831. doi:10.1002/ejlt.201100032
Christie WW (2013) A lipid primer. http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/lipids.html
Christie WW, Dijkstra AJ, Knothe G (2007) Analysis. In: The lipid handbook with CD-ROM, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, pp 415–469. doi:10.1201/9781420009675.ch6
Feussner I, Wasternack C (2002) The lipoxygenase pathway. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53:275–297. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.100301.135248
Gunstone FD, Harwood JL, Dijkstra AJ (2007) The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Gurr MI, Harwood JL, Frayn KN (2002) Lipid biochemistry. Wiley, Malden
Guschina IA, Harwood JL (2006) Lipids and lipid metabolism in eukaryotic algae. Prog Lipid Res 45(2):160–186. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2006.01.001
Guschina IA, Harwood JL (2013) Algal lipids and their metabolism. Algae Biofuels Energy 17:201–214
Harwood JL (1980) 1 – plant acyl lipids: structure, distribution, and analysis. In: Stumpf PK (ed) Lipids: structure and function. Academic, New York, pp 1–55. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-675404-9.50007-2
Harwood JL, Gunstone FD (2007) Occurrence and characterisation of oils and fats. In: The lipid handbook with CD-ROM, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 37–141. doi: 10.1201/9781420009675.ch2
Harwood JL, Guschina IA (2009) The versatility of algae and their lipid metabolism. Biochimie 91(6):679–684. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2008.11.004
Harwood JL, Jones AL (1989) Lipid metabolism in algae. In: Callow JA (ed) Advances in botanical research, vol 16. Academic, London, pp 1–53. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2296(08)60238-4
Harwood JL, Scrimgeour CM (2007) Fatty acid and lipid structure. In: The lipid handbook with CD-ROM, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–36. doi:10.1201/9781420009675.ch1
Horn PJ, Chapman KD (2014) Lipidomics in situ: insights into plant lipid metabolism from high resolution spatial maps of metabolites. Prog Lipid Res 54(0):32–52. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2014.01.003
Horn PJ, Korte AR, Neogi PB, Love E, Fuchs J, Strupat K, Borisjuk L, Shulaev V, Lee YJ, Chapman KD (2012) Spatial mapping of lipids at cellular resolution in embryos of cotton. Plant Cell 24(2):622–636. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.094581
Hu Q, Sommerfeld M, Jarvis E, Ghirardi M, Posewitz M, Seibert M, Darzins A (2008) Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances. Plant J 54(4):621–639
Jaworski J, Cahoon EB (2003) Industrial oils from transgenic plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6(2):178–184
Kaczmarzyk D, Fulda M (2010) Fatty acid activation in cyanobacteria mediated by acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase enables fatty acid recycling. Plant Physiol 152(3):1598–1610. doi:10.1104/pp. 109.148007
Kennedy EP (1956) The biological synthesis of phospholipids. Can J Biochem Physiol 34(2):334–348
Kolattukudy PE (2001) Polyesters in higher plants. In: Babel W, Steinbuschel A (eds) Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology, vol 71, Biopolyesters. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–49
Kunst L, Samuels L (2009) Plant cuticles shine: advances in wax biosynthesis and export. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12(6):721–727. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2009.09.009
Li YH, Beisson F (2009) The biosynthesis of cutin and suberin as an alternative source of enzymes for the production of bio-based chemicals and materials. Biochimie 91(6):685–691. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2009.03.016
Li-Beisson Y, Shorrosh B, Beisson F, Andersson MX, Arondel V, Bates PD, Baud S, Bird D, DeBono A, Durrett TP, Franke RB, Graham IA, Katayama K, Kelly AA, Larson T, Markham JE, Miquel M, Molina I, Nishida I, Rowland O, Samuels L, Schmid KM, Wada H, Welti R, Xu C, Zallot R, Ohlrogge J (2013) Acyl-lipid metabolism. Arabidopsis Book 11:e0161. doi:10.1199/tab.0161
Li-Beisson Y, Beisson F, Riekhof W (2015) Metabolism of acyl-lipids in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant J 82(3):504–522. doi:10.1111/tpj.12787
Lin M, Behal R, Oliver DJ (2003) Disruption of plE2, the gene for the E2 subunit of the plastid pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, in Arabidopsis causes an early embryo lethal phenotype. Plant Mol Biol 52(4):865–872. doi:10.1023/a:1025076805902
Liu B, Benning C (2013) Lipid metabolism in microalgae distinguishes itself. Curr Opin Biotechnol 24(2):300–309. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2012.08.008
Liu B, Vieler A, Li C, Daniel Jones A, Benning C (2013) Triacylglycerol profiling of microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Nannochloropsis oceanica. Bioresour Technol 146(0):310–316. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.088
Lu CF, Napier JA, Clemente TE, Cahoon EB (2011) New frontiers in oilseed biotechnology: meeting the global demand for vegetable oils for food, feed, biofuel, and industrial applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22(2):252–259. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2010.11.006
Mizusawa N, Wada H (2012) The role of lipids in photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta-Bioenerg 1817(1):194–208. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.04.008
Murphy DJ (2005) Plant lipids: biology, utilisation, and manipulation, Biological Sciences Series. Wiley, Oxford
Napier JA, Graham IA (2010) Tailoring plant lipid composition: designer oilseeds come of age. Curr Opin Plant Biol 13(3):330–337. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2010.01.008
Nguyen HM, Cuiné S, Beyly-Adriano A, Légeret B, Billon E, Auroy P, Beisson F, Peltier G, Li-Beisson Y (2013) The green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has a single ω-3 fatty acid desaturase that localizes to the chloroplast and impacts both plastidic and extraplastidic membrane lipids. Plant Physiol 163(2):914–928. doi:10.1104/pp. 113.223941
Pohl P, Zurheide F (1979) Fatty acids and lipids of marine algae and the control of their biosynthesis by environmental factors. In: Hoppe HA, Tore L, Yukio T (eds) Marine algae in pharmaceutical science. W. de Gruyter, Berlin
Pollard M, Beisson F, Li YH, Ohlrogge JB (2008) Building lipid barriers: biosynthesis of cutin and suberin. Trends Plant Sci 13(5):236–246. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2008.03.003
Ratledge C, Cohen Z (2010) Single cell oils: microbial and algal oils. AOCS Press, Urbana
Schwender J, Ohlrogge JB, Shachar-Hill Y (2003) A flux model of glycolysis and the oxidative pentosephosphate pathway in developing Brassica napus embryos. J Biol Chem 278(32):29442–29453. doi:10.1074/jbc.M303432200
Vanhercke T, Tahchy AE, Shrestha P, Zhou X-R, Singh SP, Petrie JR (2013) Synergistic effect of WRI1 and DGAT1 coexpression on triacylglycerol biosynthesis in plants. FEBS Lett 4:364. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2012.12.018
Welti R, Li WQ, Li MY, Sang YM, Biesiada H, Zhou HE, Rajashekar CB, Williams TD, Wang XM (2002) Profiling membrane lipids in plant stress responses – role of phospholipase D alpha in freezing-induced lipid changes in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 277(35):31994–32002. doi:10.1074/jbc.M205375200
Welti R, Shah J, Li WQ, Li MY, Chen JP, Burke JJ, Fauconnier ML, Chapman K, Chye ML, Wang XM (2007) Plant lipidomics: discerning biological function by profiling plant complex lipids using mass spectrometry. Front Biosci 12:2494–2506. doi:10.2741/2250
Xie B, Stessman D, Hart JH, Dong H, Wang Y, Wright DA, Nikolau BJ, Spalding MH, Halverson LJ (2014) High-throughput fluorescence-activated cell sorting for lipid hyperaccumulating Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants. Plant Biotechnol J 12:872–882
Yamaoka Y, Yu Y, Mizoi J, Fujiki Y, Saito K, Nishijima M, Lee Y, Nishida I (2011) Phosphatidylserine synthase1 is required for microspore development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J Cell Mol Biol 67(4):648–661. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04624.x
Yoon K, Han D, Li Y, Sommerfeld M, Hu Q (2012) Phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase is a multifunctional enzyme involved in membrane lipid turnover and degradation while synthesizing triacylglycerol in the unicellular green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell 24(9):3708–3724. doi:10.1105/tpc.112.100701
Zhang M, Fan J, Taylor DC, Ohlrogge JB (2009) DGAT1 and PDAT1 acyltransferases have overlapping functions in Arabidopsis triacylglycerol biosynthesis and are essential for normal pollen and seed development. Plant Cell 21(12):3885–3901. doi:10.1105/tpc.109.071795
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Li-Beisson, Y., Nakamura, Y., Harwood, J. (2016). Lipids: From Chemical Structures, Biosynthesis, and Analyses to Industrial Applications. In: Nakamura, Y., Li-Beisson, Y. (eds) Lipids in Plant and Algae Development. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 86. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25979-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25979-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25977-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25979-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)