Skip to main content

Calciotropic Hormones

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1111 Accesses

Abstract

The calcium – vitamin D – parathyroid hormone system plays a critical role in both health and disease. Despite longstanding acceptance of its importance in maintaining the skeleton, recent and accumulating data have significantly enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of calciotropic hormones in the setting of osteoporosis. Herein we review this information and make recommendations based upon these studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ramasamy I. Recent advances in physiological calcium homeostasis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44:237–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Lips P. Vitamin D physiology. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2006;92:4–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Holick MF. The vitamin d epidemic and its health consequences. J Nutr. 2005;135:2739S–48.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Nordin BE, Need AG, Morris HA, O’Loughlin PD, Horowitz M. Effect of age on calcium absorption in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:998–1002.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dusso AS, Brown AJ, Slatopolsky E. Vitamin D. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;289:F8–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Troen BR. The role of cathepsin K in normal bone resorption. Drug News Perspect. 2004;17:19–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Anderson PH, O’Loughlin PD, May BK, Morris HA. Determinants of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels: the role of renal synthesis and catabolism of vitamin D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;89–90:111–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:2062–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. J Nutr. 2005;135:317–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Hollis BW. Use of topical sunscreen for the evaluation of regional synthesis of vitamin D3. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;22:772–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Clemens TL, Adams JS, Henderson SL, Holick MF. Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesise vitamin D3. Lancet. 1982;1:74–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Haddad JG, Kolm P, Hollis BW. Racial pigmentation and the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D. Arch Dermatol. 1991;127:536–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. MacLaughlin J, Holick MF. Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest. 1985;76:1536–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Grieger A, Nowson CA. Nutrient intake and plate waste from an Australian residential care facility. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;61:655–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dumartheray EW, et al. Energy and nutrient intake of Swiss women aged 75–87 years. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2006;19:431–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Avioli LV. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: prevention versus cure. Fed Proc. 1981;40:2418–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gennari C. Calcium and vitamin D nutrition and bone disease of the elderly. Public Health Nutr. 2001;4:547–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Shahar D, Shai I, Vardi H, Fraser D. Factors associated with low reported energy intake in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2005;9:300–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. French MR, Moore K, Vernace-Inserra F, Hawker GA. Factors that influence adherence to calcium recommendations. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2005;66:25–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Holick MF, Siris ES, Binkley N, Beard MK, Khan A, Katzer JT, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among postmenopausal North American women receiving osteoporosis therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3215–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Heaney RP. The vitamin D requirement in health and disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005;97:13–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Harinarayan CV. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in postmenopausal south Indian women. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:397–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, Arnaud S, Galan P, Hercberg S, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7:439–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Vecino-Vecino C, Gratton M, Kremer R, Rodriguez-Manas L, Duque G. Seasonal variance in serum levels of vitamin d determines a compensatory response by parathyroid hormone: study in an ambulatory elderly population in Quebec. Gerontology. 2006;52:33–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nakamura K, Nishiwaki T, Ueno K, Yamamoto M. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and activities of daily living in noninstitutionalized elderly Japanese requiring care. J Bone Miner Metab. 2005;23:488–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Levis S, Gomez A, Jimenez C, Veras L, Ma F, Lai S, et al. Vitamin d deficiency and seasonal variation in an adult South Florida population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1557–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kudlacek S, Schneider B, Peterlik M, Leb G, Klaushofer K, Weber K, et al. Assessment of vitamin D and calcium status in healthy adult Austrians. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003;33:323–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Meier C, Woitge HW, Witte K, Lemmer B, Seibel MJ. Supplementation with oral vitamin D3 and calcium during winter prevents seasonal bone loss: a randomized controlled open-label prospective trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1221–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Dawodu A, Absood G, Patel M, Agarwal M, Ezimokhai M, Abdulrazzaq Y, et al. Biosocial factors affecting vitamin D status of women of childbearing age in the United Arab Emirates. J Biosoc Sci. 1998;30:431–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Dawodu A, Dawson KP, Amirlak I, Kochiyil J, Agarwal M, Badrinath P. Diet, clothing, sunshine exposure and micronutrient status of Arab infants and young children. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2001;21:39–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Gannage-Yared MH, Chemali R, Yaacoub N, Halaby G. Hypovitaminosis D in a sunny country: relation to lifestyle and bone markers. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:1856–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Guzel R, Kozanoglu E, Guler-Uysal F, Soyupak S, Sarpel T. Vitamin D status and bone mineral density of veiled and unveiled Turkish women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10:765–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Islam MZ, Akhtaruzzaman M, Lamberg-Allardt C. Hypovitaminosis D is common in both veiled and nonveiled Bangladeshi women. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006;15:81–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Harris SS. Vitamin D and African Americans. J Nutr. 2006;136:1126–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults. Am J Med. 2004;116:634–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Dawson-Hughes B. Racial/ethnic considerations in making recommendations for vitamin D for adult and elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1763S–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Aloia JF, Talwar SA, Pollack S, Yeh J. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in African American women. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1618–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Parfitt AM. Osteomalacia and related disorders. In: Avioli LV, Krane SM, editors. Metabolic bone disease and clinical related disorders. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1990. p. 329–96.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Heaney RP. Lessons for nutritional science from vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:825–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett WC, Staehelin HB, Bazemore MG, Zee RY, et al. Effect of vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;291:1999–2006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents severe falls in elderly community-dwelling women: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2005;17:125–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wilkins CH, Birge SJ. Prevention of osteoporotic fractures in the elderly. Am J Med. 2005;118:1190–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Borchers M, Gudat F, Durmuller U, Stahelin HB, Dick W. Vitamin D receptor expression in human muscle tissue decreases with age. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:265–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S. Vitamin D(3) augments osteoclastogenesis via vitamin D-responsive element of mouse RANKL gene promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;290:650–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Liang CT, Barnes J, Imanaka S, DeLuca HF. Alterations in mRNA expression of duodenal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor and vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein in aged Wistar rats. Exp Gerontol. 1994;29:179–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:670–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;326:469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B, Arnaud S, et al. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1637–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting M, Arnaud S, et al. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13:257–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T, et al. Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. BMJ. 2005;330:1003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM, MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, et al. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:1621–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;293:2257–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:669–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, Hu FB, Zhang Y, Karlson EW, et al. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:752–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Flicker L, MacInnis RJ, Stein MS, Scherer SC, Mead KE, Nowson CA, et al. Should older people in residential care receive vitamin D to prevent falls? results of a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:1881–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Dhesi JK, Jackson SH, Bearne LM, Moniz C, Hurley MV, Swift CG, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves neuromuscular function in older people who fall. Age Ageing. 2004;33:589–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Suppan K, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Dobnig H. Effects of a long-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function in community-dwelling older individuals. Osteoporosis Int 2009;20(2):315–22.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Wickerts IS, van Schoor NM, Boeke AJP, Visser M, Deeg DJ, Smit J, Knol DL, Lips P. Vitamin D status predicts physical performance and its decline in older persons. JCEM. 2007;92(6):2058–65.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Kenny AM, Biskup B, Robbins B, Marcella G, Burleson JA. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical function, and health perception in older, community-dwelling men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:1762–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Latham NK, Anderson CS, Lee A, Bennett DA, Moseley A, Cameron ID. A randomized, controlled trial of quadriceps resistance exercise and vitamin D in frail older people: the Frailty Interventions Trial in Elderly Subjects (FITNESS). J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:291–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Law M, Withers H, Morris J, Anderson F. Vitamin D supplementation and the prevention of fractures and falls: results of a randomised trial in elderly people in residential accommodation. Age Ageing. 2006;35:482–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Judge JO, Kenny A. Vitamin D and quadriceps exercise--got milk? Got a chair? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:427–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Souberbielle JC, Body JJ, Lappe JM, Plebani M, Shoenfeld Y, Wang TJ, et al. Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9:709–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Cherniack EP, Florez H, Roos BA, Troen BR, Levis S. Hypovitaminosis D in the elderly: from bone to brain. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12:366–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Cherniack EP, Levis S, Troen BR. Hypovitaminosis D: a widespread epidemic. Geriatrics. 2008;63:24–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bischoff-Ferrari HA. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D threshold for better health. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103:614–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Heaney RP. The case for improving vitamin D status. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103:635–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hollis BW, Wagner CL, Drezner MK, Binkley NC. Circulating vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in humans: an important tool to define adequate nutritional vitamin D status. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007;103:631–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Sahota O, Mundey MK, San P, Godber IM, Lawson N, Hosking DJ. The relationship between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone: calcium homeostasis, bone turnover, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis. Bone. 2004;35:312–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sahota O, Masud T, San P, Hosking DJ. Vitamin D insufficiency increases bone turnover markers and enhances bone loss at the hip in patients with established vertebral osteoporosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;51:217–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Fisher A, Goh S, Srikusalanukul W, Davis M. Elevated serum PTH is independently associated with poor outcomes in older patients with hip fracture and vitamin D inadequacy. Calcif Tissue Int. 2009;85:301–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Snijder MB, van Dam RM, Visser M, Deeg DJ, Dekker JM, Bouter LM, et al. Adiposity in relation to vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels: a population-based study in older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4119–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Bjorkman MP, Sorva AJ, Risteli J, Tilvis RS. Low parathyroid hormone levels in bedridden geriatric patients with vitamin D deficiency. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:1045–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Souberbielle JC, Maury E, Friedlander G, Cormier C. Vitamin D and primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;121:199–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Birge SJ. Can falls and hip fracture be prevented in frail older adults? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47:1265–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Maggio D, Cherubini A, Lauretani F, Russo RC, Bartali B, Pierandrei M, et al. 25(OH)D Serum levels decline with age earlier in women than in men and less efficiently prevent compensatory hyperparathyroidism in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60:1414–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Deplas A, Debiais F, Alcalay M, Bontoux D, Thomas P. Bone density, parathyroid hormone, calcium and vitamin D nutritional status of institutionalized elderly subjects. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8:400–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Vieth R, Ladak Y, Walfish PG. Age-related changes in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D versus parathyroid hormone relationship suggest a different reason why older adults require more vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:185–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Sai AJ, Walters RW, Fang X, Gallagher JC. Relationship between vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and bone health. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;96(3):E436–46.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Di Monaco M, Vallero F, Di Monaco R, Tappero R, Cavanna A. 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and functional recovery after hip fracture in elderly patients. J Bone Miner Metab. 2006;24:42–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Aloia JF, Chen DG, Chen H. The 25(OH)D/PTH threshold in black women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:5069–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Valina-Toth AL, Lai Z, Yoo W, Abou-Samra A, Gadegbeku CA, Flack JM. Relationship of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone with obesity and body composition in African Americans. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;72:595–603.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Florez HJ, Cherniack EP, Gómez-Marín O, Roos BA, Levis S, Troen BR. Age modifies the impact of vitamin D3 supplementation on the 25-OH vitamin D/ parathyroid hormone ratio. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:S208.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Sato T, Yamamoto H, Sawada N, Nashiki K, Tsuji M, Nikawa T, et al. Immobilization decreases duodenal calcium absorption through a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-dependent pathway. J Bone Miner Metab. 2006;24:291–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrar HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Murad MH, Weaver CM. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1911–30.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine of the National Academies; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:18–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Priemel M, von Domarus C, Klatte TO, Kessler S, Schlie J, Meier S, et al. Bone mineralization defects and vitamin D deficiency: histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 675 patients. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25:305–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Palacios C, Gonzalez L. Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;144(Pt A):138–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Autier P, Gandini S. Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1730–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Schottker B, Ball D, Gellert C, Brenner H. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and overall mortality. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Ageing Res Rev. 2012;12:708–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wetterslev J, Simonetti RG, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):CD007470.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Wong YY, McCaul KA, Yeap BB, Hankey GJ, Flicker L. Low vitamin D status is an independent predictor of increased frailty and all-cause mortality in older men: the health in men study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:3821–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Granic A, Aspray T, Hill T, Davies K, Collerton J, Martin-Ruiz C, et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and increased all-cause mortality in very old women: the Newcastle 85+ study. J Intern Med. 2014;277:456–67.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Autier P, Boniol M, Pizot C, Mullie P. Vitamin D status and ill health: a systematic review. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:76–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Gamble GD, Reid IR. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: a trial sequential meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:307–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Heaney RP, Armas LA. Screening for vitamin d deficiency: is the goal disease prevention or full nutrient repletion? Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:144–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Anagnostis P, Karras SN, Athyros VG, Annweiler C, Karagiannis A. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:362–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav EJ, Willett WC, Dawson-Hughes B. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:363–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Giovannucci E. Vitamin D status and ill health. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:273.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Shardell M, Semba RD, Kalyani RR, Hicks GE, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, plasma klotho, and lower-extremity physical performance among older adults: findings from the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70:1156–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Ceglia L, Niramitmahapanya S, da Silva Morais M, Rivas DA, Harris SS, Bischoff-Ferrari H, et al. A randomized study on the effect of vitamin D(3) supplementation on skeletal muscle morphology and vitamin D receptor concentration in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:E1927–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Yousefzadeh P, Shapses SA, Wang X. Vitamin D binding protein impact on 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels under different physiologic and pathologic conditions. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:981581.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Bhan I. Vitamin d binding protein and bone health. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:561214.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Powe CE, Evans MK, Wenger J, Zonderman AB, Berg AH, Nalls M, et al. Vitamin D-binding protein and vitamin D status of black Americans and white Americans. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1991–2000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Chun RF, Peercy BE, Orwoll ES, Nielson CM, Adams JS, Hewison M. Vitamin D and DBP: the free hormone hypothesis revisited. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;144(Pt A):132–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Johnsen MS, Grimnes G, Figenschau Y, Torjesen PA, Almas B, Jorde R. Serum free and bio-available 25-hydroxyvitamin D correlate better with bone density than serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2014;74:177–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Dastani Z, Berger C, Langsetmo L, Fu L, Wong BY, Malik S, et al. In healthy adults, biological activity of vitamin D, as assessed by serum PTH, is largely independent of DBP concentrations. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29:494–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Florez HJ, Cherniack EP, Troen BR. Impact of vitamin D on the aging population. Trans Endocrinol Metab. 2011;2:73–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Grant WB. Relation between prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and incidence of breast, colorectal, and other cancers. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2010;101:130–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Levis S, Cherniack EP, Florez H, Roos BA, Troen BR. Vitamin D supplementation in older persons: benefits and requirements. Aging Health. 2009;9:701–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Vitezova A, Zillikens MC, van Herpt TT, Sijbrands EJ, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, et al. Vitamin D status and metabolic syndrome in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172:327–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Clemente-Postigo M, Munoz-Garach A, Serrano M, Garrido-Sanchez L, Bernal-Lopez MR, Fernandez-Garcia D, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and adipose tissue vitamin D receptor gene expression: relationship with obesity and type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:E591–5. p. jc20143016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Boucher B. Vitamin D, obesity, and risk of diabetes. Lancet Diab Endocrinol. 2014;2:361–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. LeBlanc ES, Zakher B, Daeges M, Pappas M, Chou R. Screening for vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:109–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. LeFevre ML, U. S. P. S. T. Force. Screening for vitamin D deficiency in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:133–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. LeBoff MS, Yue AY, Copeland T, Cook NR, Buring JE, Manson JE. VITAL-bone health: rationale and design of two ancillary studies evaluating the effects of vitamin D and/or omega-3 fatty acid supplements on incident fractures and bone health outcomes in the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL). Contemp Clin Trials. 2015;41:259–68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Lagari VS, Gomez-Marin O, Levis S. Study design and baseline characteristics of participants in the vitamin D in Vulnerable Adults at the VA (the VIVA Study). Contemp Clin Trials. 2014;39:66–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Reid IR, Bolland MJ, Grey A. Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2014;383:146–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Macdonald HM, Wood AD, Aucott LS, Black AJ, Fraser WD, Mavroeidi A, et al. Hip bone loss is attenuated with 1000 IU but not 400 IU daily vitamin D3: a 1-year double-blind RCT in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28:2202–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Levis S, Theodore G. Summary of AHRQ’s comparative effectiveness review of treatment to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis: update of the 2007 report. J Manag Care Pharm. 2012;18:S1–15. discussion S13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Schoenmakers I, Francis RM, McColl E, Chadwick T, Goldberg GR, Harle C, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in older people (VDOP): study protocol for a randomised controlled intervention trial with monthly oral dosing with 12,000 IU, 24,000 IU or 48,000 IU of vitamin D(3). Trials. 2013;14:299.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Sanders JL, Stern PH. Protein kinase C involvement in interleukin-6 production by parathyroid hormone and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in UMR-106 osteoblastic cells. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:885–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Wu Y, Kumar R. Parathyroid hormone regulates transforming growth factor beta1 and beta2 synthesis in osteoblasts via divergent signaling pathways. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:879–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Troen BR. Molecular mechanisms underlying osteoclast formation and activation. Exp Gerontol. 2003;38:605–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Hodsman AB, Bauer DC, Dempster DW, Dian L, Hanley DA, Harris ST, et al. Parathyroid hormone and teriparatide for the treatment of osteoporosis: a review of the evidence and suggested guidelines for its use. Endocr Rev. 2005;26:688–703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Reeve J, Meunier PJ, Parsons JA, Bernat M, Bijvoet OL, Courpron P, et al. Anabolic effect of human parathyroid hormone fragment on trabecular bone in involutional osteoporosis: a multicentre trial. Br Med J. 1980;280:1340–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, Prince R, Gaich GA, Reginster JY, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1–34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1434–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Orwoll ES, Scheele WH, Paul S, Adami S, Syversen U, Diez-Perez A, et al. The effect of teriparatide [human parathyroid hormone (1–34)] therapy on bone density in men with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18:9–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Lane NE, Sanchez S, Modin GW, Genant HK, Pierini E, Arnaud CD. Parathyroid hormone treatment can reverse corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:1627–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Dempster DW, Cosman F, Kurland ES, Zhou H, Nieves J, Woelfert L, et al. Effects of daily treatment with parathyroid hormone on bone microarchitecture and turnover in patients with osteoporosis: a paired biopsy study. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16:1846–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Uusi-Rasi K, Semanick LM, Zanchetta JR, Bogado CE, Eriksen EF, Sato M, et al. Effects of teriparatide [rhPTH (1–34)] treatment on structural geometry of the proximal femur in elderly osteoporotic women. Bone. 2005;36:948–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Hagino H, Okano T, Akhter MP, Enokida M, Teshima R. Effect of parathyroid hormone on cortical bone response to in vivo external loading of the rat tibia. J Bone Miner Metab. 2001;19:244–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Souberbielle JC, Cormier C, Kindermans C, Gao P, Cantor T, Forette F, et al. Vitamin D status and redefining serum parathyroid hormone reference range in the elderly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3086–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Mosekilde L, Hermann AP, Beck-Nielsen H, Charles P, Nielsen SP, Sorensen OH. The Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study (DOPS): project design and inclusion of 2000 normal perimenopausal women. Maturitas. 1999;31:207–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Thomas MK, Lloyd-Jones DM, Thadhani RI, Shaw AC, Deraska DJ, Kitch BT, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:777–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Tangpricha V, Pearce EN, Chen TC, Holick MF. Vitamin D insufficiency among free-living healthy young adults. Am J Med. 2002;112:659–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Lips P. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev. 2001;22:477–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Sahota O, Gaynor K, Harwood RH, Hosking DJ. Hypovitaminosis D and ‘functional hypoparathyroidism’-the NoNoF (Nottingham Neck of Femur) study. Age Ageing. 2001;30:467–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Sakuma M, Endo N, Oinuma T, Hayami T, Endo E, Yazawa T, et al. Vitamin D and intact PTH status in patients with hip fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17:1608–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Fisher AA, Davis MW. Calcium-PTH-vitamin D axis in older patients with hip fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18:693–5.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Sahota O, Mundey MK, San P, Godber IM, Hosking DJ. Vitamin D insufficiency and the blunted PTH response in established osteoporosis: the role of magnesium deficiency. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17:1013–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Heaney RP. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone exhibit threshold behavior. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28:180–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Vieth R, El-Hajj Fuleihan G. There is no lower threshold level for parathyroid hormone as 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations increase. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28:183–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Steingrimsdottir L, Gunnarsson O, Indridason OS, Franzson L, Sigurdsson G. Relationship between serum parathyroid hormone levels, vitamin D sufficiency, and calcium intake. JAMA. 2005;294:2336–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Ledger GA, Burritt MF, Kao PC, O’Fallon WM, Riggs BL, Khosla S. Role of parathyroid hormone in mediating nocturnal and age-related increases in bone resorption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:3304–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Kennel KA, Riggs BL, Achenbach SJ, Oberg AL, Khosla S. Role of parathyroid hormone in mediating age-related changes in bone resorption in men. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14:631–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Blain H, Vuillemin A, Blain A, Guillemin F, De Talance N, Doucet B, et al. Age-related femoral bone loss in men: evidence for hyperparathyroidism and insulin-like growth factor-1 deficiency. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:1285–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Findlay DM, Sexton PM. Calcitonin. Growth Factors. 2004;22:217–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Miller S. Calcitonin--guardian of the mammalian skeleton or is it just a fish story? Endocrinology. 2006;147:4007–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Cappelli C, Cottarelli C, Cumetti D, Agosti B, Gandossi E, Rizzoni D, et al. Bone density and mineral metabolism in calcitonin-deficiency patients. Minerva Endocrinol. 2004;29:1–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Woodrow JP, Sharpe CJ, Fudge NJ, Hoff AO, Gagel RF, Kovacs CS. Calcitonin plays a critical role in regulating skeletal mineral metabolism during lactation. Endocrinology. 2006;147:4010–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Grant WB, Gorham ED. Commentary: time for public health action on vitamin D for cancer risk reduction. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35:224–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Grant WB, Holick MF. Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review. Altern Med Rev. 2005;10:94–111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Diamond TH, Ho KW, Rohl PG, Meerkin M. Annual intramuscular injection of a megadose of cholecalciferol for treatment of vitamin D deficiency: efficacy and safety data. Med J Aust. 2005;183:10–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:842–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Ishijima M, Sakamoto Y, Yamanaka M, Tokita A, Kitahara K, Kaneko H, et al. Minimum required vitamin D level for optimal increase in bone mineral density with alendronate treatment in osteoporotic women. Calcif Tissue Int. 2009;85:398–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Peris P, Martinez-Ferrer A, Monegal A, Martinez de Osaba MJ, Muxi A, Guanabens N. 25 hydroxyvitamin D serum levels influence adequate response to bisphosphonate treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone. 2012;51:54–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Barone A, Giusti A, Pioli G, Girasole G, Razzano M, Pizzonia M, et al. Secondary hyperparathyroidism due to hypovitaminosis D affects bone mineral density response to alendronate in elderly women with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:752–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Antoniucci DM, Vittinghoff E, Palermo L, Black DM, Sellmeyer DE. Vitamin D insufficiency does not affect response of bone mineral density to alendronate. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:1259–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Ish-Shalom S, Salganik T, Segal E, Raz B, Bromberg I, Vieth R. Comparison of daily, weekly, and monthly vitamin D3 in ethanol dosing protocols for two months in elderly hip fracture patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3430–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Mocanu V, Stitt PA, Costan AR, Voroniuc O, Zbranca E, Luca V, et al. Long-term effects of giving nursing home residents bread fortified with 125 microg (5000 IU) vitamin D(3) per daily serving. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1132–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. Paul Cherniack MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cherniack, E.P., Troen, B.R. (2016). Calciotropic Hormones. In: Duque, G., Kiel, D. (eds) Osteoporosis in Older Persons. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25976-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25976-5_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25974-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25976-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics