Skip to main content

Turmoil and Unrest

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Transition and Transgression

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Education ((BRIEFSEDUCAT))

  • 309 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter begins with a discussion of works which depict the unrest prevalent in the 1970s and 1980s, specifically with regard to the student protests of the period. The events of 1976, in particular, were crucial in the intellectual and ideological development of young people, especially black adolescents. During the period from 1976 to 1990 writers sought to depict these events through narrative, interpreting and describing events through their predominantly white characters. Works by black writers written in the 2000s present a more direct experience of events through their black characters’ experiences. The representation of memory is a major feature of all these books, which depict how the violence of the 1970s and 1980s is reconstructed and remembered in young adult narratives. More recent novels depict this violence and the events of those decades as part of a collective and institutional memory, thus demonstrating how history is shaped according to current ideological assumptions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See Hirson (1979), Brooks and Brickhill (1980) and Kane-Berman (1978) for histories of the event and Hyslop (1999) for a detailed account of the events leading up to the uprising.

  2. 2.

    See The Muzzled Muse by de Lange (1997), The Literature Police by McDonald (2009) and Christopher Merrett’s A Culture of Censorship (1994).

  3. 3.

    ‘Play-White’ is a term that was used to refer to coloured people who could be accepted as White based on their appearance. During apartheid siblings were occasionally classified differently, which meant that, under the Group Areas Act of 1950, they could not live in the same community (Gilliomee and Mbenga 2007, p. 318).

  4. 4.

    The term ‘San’ is controversial and there is no unanimously accepted term for referring to descendants of the first inhabitants of Southern Africa. I use ‘San’ as the most neutral term (Hitchcock et al., n.d.).

  5. 5.

    The book does include a glossary of English words, together with notes and activities to be used by teachers in the classroom.

  6. 6.

    ‘Hippo’ is a colloquial term for an armoured police vehicle.

References

  • Ashcroft, B. (2001). Post-colonial transformation. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baines, G. (2007). The master narrative of South Africa’s liberation struggle: Remembering and forgetting June 16, 1976. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 40(2), 283–302. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40033914

  • Bradford, C. (2007). Unsettling narratives: Postcolonial readings of children’s literature. Waterloo, Canada: Wilfred Laurier University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brink, A. (1979). A dry white season. London: W.H. Allen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brink, A. (1996). Reinventing a continent (revisiting history in the literature of the New South Africa: A personal testimony. World Literature Today, 70(1), 17–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, A., & Brickhill, J. (1980). Whirlwind before the storm. London: International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dangarembga, T. (1988). Nervous conditions. London: Women’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Lange, M. (1997). The muzzled muse: Literature and censorship in South Africa. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Down with Afrikaans. (n.d.). Retrieved July 5, 2014, from http://www.sahistory.org.za/articles/down-afrikaans

  • Gilliomee, H., & Mbenga, B. (2007). New history of South Africa. Cape Town: Tafelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glass, L. (2007). Ruby red. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glass, L. (2010a). Interview with Linzi Glass, author of Ruby Red, by her daughter, Jordan Katz. Retrieved from http://www.linziglass.com/interview_004.html

  • Glass, L. (2010b). Penguin U.K. Linzi Glass interview. Retrieved from http://www.linziglass.com/interview_002.html

  • Gordon, S. (1987). Waiting for the rain. London, New York: Orchard Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halberstam, G. (2008). Blue sky freedom. London: Macmillan Children’s Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harries, A. (1980). The sound of the gora. London: Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heale, J. (n.d.). Banned books. Bookchat. Retrieved from http://www.bookchat.co.za/articles/article0510.html

  • Hirson, B. (1979). Year of fire, year of ash. London: Zed Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hitchcock, R. K., & Biesele, M. (n.d.). San, Khwe, Basarwa, or Bushmen? Terminology, identity, and empowerment in Southern Africa. Retrieved May 2, 2014, from http://www.khoisanpeoples.org/indepth/ind-identity.htm

  • Horrell, G. (2012). Transgression and transition. In M. Hilton & M. Nikolajeva (Eds.), Contemporary adolescent literature and culture: The emergent adult (pp. 47–60). Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoy, K. (2008). Dancing in the dust—Study notes. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyslop, J. (1999). The classroom struggle: Policy and resistance in South Africa, 1940–1990. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inggs, J. (2002). Grappling with change: The English language youth novel in South Africa. CREArTA, 3(1), 22–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inggs, J. (2007). Effacing difference? The multiple images of South African adolescents. English in Africa, 34(2), 35–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inggs, J. (2014). Turmoil and unrest in South African young adult literature. Detskie Chteniia, 6(2), 412–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, E. (2006). National character in South African English children’s literature. New York, London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. (1980, April 9). Go well, stay well. Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved from https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/toeckey-jones/go-well-stay-well/

  • Jones, T. (1987). Go well, stay well. London: Heinemann Educational.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane-Berman, J. (1978). Soweto: Black revolt, white reaction. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludman, B. (1989). The day of the kugel. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, P. D. (2009). The literature police: Apartheid censorship and its cultural consequences. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merrett, C. E. (1994). A culture of censorship: Secrecy and intellectual repression in South Africa. David Philip.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mokadi, A. (2003). Narrative as creative history: The 1976 Soweto Uprising as depicted in Black South African novels. Johannesburg: Sedibeng Publishing House. Retrieved from http://bookdir.info/?p=351502

  • Molope, K. L. (2004). Dancing in the dust. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molope, K. (2011). Canadian global campaign for education—The big story. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0teuQESTjd0&feature=youtube_gdata_player

  • Mzamane, M. (1982). Children of Soweto. Johannesburg: Ravan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mzamane, M. (1984). The uses of traditional oral Forms in Black South African literature. In L. White & T. Couzens (Eds.), Literature and society in South Africa. Maskew Miller Longman: Cape Town.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemutanzhela, T. (2007). Bua, comrade!. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttall, S. (2009). Entanglement. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, C. (1987). Witch woman on the Hogsback (1st ed.). Pretoria: De Jager-HAUM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plaut, M. (2006, June 13). Why the Soweto protests erupted. BBC. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5038312.stm

  • Pohlandt-McCormick, H. (2000). ‘I saw a nightmare…’: Violence and the construction of memory (Soweto, June 16, 1976). History and Theory, 39(4), 23–44. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2678048

    Google Scholar 

  • Schermbrucker, R. (2003). Lucky fish. Bellevue: Jacana Media.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sepamla, S. (1981). A ride on the whirlwind. Johannesburg: Donker. Retrieved from http://socialiststories/liberate/ARideontheWhirlwind-SiphoSepamla.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Serote, M. W. (1981). To every birth its blood. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheckels, T. F, Jr. (1996). The lion on the freeway: A thematic introduction to contemporary South African literature in English. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibanda, S. (2012). Through the eyes of the Other: An analysis of the representations of Blackness in South African youth novels by white writers from 1976 to 2006. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, R., & Lehman, B. A. (2014). Breaking new ground with Reviva Schermbrucker. In B. A. Lehman, J. Heale, A. Hill, T. Van der Walt, & M. Vorster (Eds.), Creating books for the young in the New South Africa (pp. 216–225). Jefferson NC: McFarland. Retrieved from 9780786475513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, R. M. (Ed.). (1999). The Garland handbook of African music. New York, London: Garland, Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tlali, M. (1980). Amandla. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tötemeyer, A.-J. (1988). Towards interracial understanding through South African children’s and youth literature. In I. Cilliers (Ed.), Towards understanding: Children’s literature for Southern Africa. Maskew Miller Longman: Cape Town.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. (2008). ‘These children were the product of a changing country’: The feminist Bildungsroman and the issue of community in the novels of Kagiso Lesego Mofope. Sankofa, 7, 39–48.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Judith Inggs .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Inggs, J. (2016). Turmoil and Unrest. In: Transition and Transgression. SpringerBriefs in Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25534-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25534-7_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-25532-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-25534-7

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics