Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Antiangiogenic Agents and Photodynamic Therapy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Pharmacology of Ocular Therapeutics

  • 1609 Accesses

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy, Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) and Retinopathy of Prematurity(ROP), are few of the many pathological conditions which are vision threatening. Their classical feature is neovascularization. Angiogenic factors such as VEGF, PEDF, Tyrosine Kinase etc., have a significant role in the causation of angiogenesis in the hypoxic areas of the ocular tissues. This chapter covers the causative factors of ocular angiogenesis and the possible pharmacological intervention to inhibit these factors in order to improve the vision of the patients. This chapter also deals with the possible benefits of the photodynamic therapy in the ocular neovascularisation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adini I, Rabinovitz I, Sun JF, Prendergast GC, Benjamin LE. RhoB controls Akt trafficking and stage-specific survival of endothelial cells during vascular development. Genes Dev. 2003;17:2721–32.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal P, Jindal A, Saini VK, Jindal S. Advances in diabetic retinopathy. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18:772–7. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.140225.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Torbak AA. Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for corneal neovascularization. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2012;19:185–9. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.95246.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ambati BK, et al. Corneal avascularity is due to soluble VEGF receptor-1. Nature. 2006;443:993–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Augustin A. Anecortave acetate in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1:237–46.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbara SH, Blackhurst DW, Schachat AP, Olk J, Novak MA, Maguire MG. Argon laser photocoagulation for neovascular maculopathy: five-year results from randomized clinical trials. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:1109–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin LE, Hemo I, Keshet E. A plasticity window for blood vessel remodelling is defined by pericyte coverage of the preformed endothelial network and is regulated by PDGF-B and VEGF. Development. 1998;125:1591–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhutto IA, Uno K, Merges C, Zhang L, McLeod DS, Lutty GA. Reduction of endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors in Bruch’s membrane of the submacular region in eyes with age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:670–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaauwgeers HG, et al. Polarized vascular endothelial growth factor secretion by human retinal pigment epithelium and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors on the inner choriocapillaris. Evidence for a trophic paracrine relation. Am J Pathol. 1999;155:421–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair MP, Apte RS, Miskala PH, Bressler SB, Goldberg MF, Schachat AP, Bressler NM. Retrospective case series of juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization treated with photodynamic therapy with verteporfin. Retina. 2004;24:501–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boobes Y, Bernieh B, Saadi H, Raafat Al Hakim M, Abouchacra S. Gonadal dysfunction and infertility in kidney transplant patients receiving sirolimus. Int Urol Nephrol. 2010;42:493–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bown SG. Photodynamic therapy for photochemists. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2013;371:28. doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0371.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer DS, Ophthotech Anti-PDGF in AMD Study Group. Combined inhibition of platelet derived (PDGF) and vascular endothelial (VEGF) growth factors for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NV-AMD)—results of a Phase 1 study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brafman A, et al. Inhibition of oxygen-induced retinopathy in RTP801-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:3796–805.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caballero S, et al. Anti-sphingosine-1-phosphate monoclonal antibodies inhibit angiogenesis and sub-retinal fibrosis in a murine model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Exp Eye Res. 2009;88:367–77.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campochiaro PA, Hackett SF. Ocular neovascularization: a valuable model system. Oncogene. 2003;22:6537–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campochiaro PA, et al. Topical mecamylamine for diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149:839–51.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canal-Fontcuberta I, Salomao DR, Robertson D, Cantrill HL, Koozekanani D, Rath PP, Pulido JS. Clinical and histopathologic findings after photodynamic therapy of choroidal melanoma. Retina. 2012;32:942–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cassuto DA, Deborah MA, Guglielmo E. Treatment of facial telangiectasias with a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm. J Cutan Laser Ther. 2000;2:141–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan WM, Lim TH, Pece A, Silva R, Yoshimura N. Verteporfin PDT for non-standard indications--a review of current literature. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248:613–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheresh DA, Stupack DG. Regulation of angiogenesis: apoptotic cues from the ECM. Oncogene. 2008;27:6285–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho H, Shah CP, Weber M, Heier JS. Aflibercept for exudative AMD with persistent fluid on ranibizumab and/or bevacizumab. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97:1032–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciulla TA, Harris A, McIntyre N, Jonescu-Cuypers C. Treatment of diabetic macular edema with sustained-release glucocorticoids: intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone implant, and fluocinolone acetonide implant. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;15:953–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connolly B, Desai A, Garcia CA, Thomas E, Gast MJ. Squalamine lactate for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2006;19:381–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper ME, et al. Increased renal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR-2 in experimental diabetes. Diabetes. 1999;48:2229–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dark GG, Hill SA, Prise VE, Tozer GM, Pettit GR, Chaplin DJ. Combretastatin A-4, an agent that displays potent and selective toxicity toward tumor vasculature. Cancer Res. 1997;57:1829–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson DW, Volpert OV, Gillis P, Crawford SE, Xu H, Benedict W, Bouck NP. Pigment epithelium-derived factor: a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Science. 1999;285:245–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dolmans DE, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Photodynamic therapy for cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3:380–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donati G, Kapetanios AD, Pournaras CJ. Principles of treatment of choroidal neovascularization with photodynamic therapy in age-related macular degeneration. Semin Ophthalmol. 1999;14:2–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehmann D, Garcia R. Triple therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (verteporfin photodynamic therapy, intravitreal dexamethasone, and intravitreal bevacizumab). Can J Ophthalmol. 2010;45:36–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elizalde J, Vasquez L, Iyo F, Abengoechea S. Photodynamic therapy in the management of circumscribed choroidal hemangioma. Can J Ophthalmol. 2012;47:16–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson MV, Lauer AK. Emerging therapies for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema. BioDrugs. 2007;21:245–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein RJ, Stulting RD, Hendricks RL, Harris DM. Corneal neovascularization. Pathogenesis and inhibition. Cornea. 1987;6:250–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eyetech Study Group. Preclinical and phase 1A clinical evaluation of an anti-VEGF pegylated aptamer (EYE001) for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2002;22:143–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan NW, Lau LI, Chen SJ, Yang CS, Lee FL. Comparison of the effect of reduced-fluence photodynamic therapy with intravitreal bevacizumab and standard-fluence alone for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. J Chin Med Assoc. 2014;77:101–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med. 2003;9:669–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Arumi J, et al. Photodynamic therapy for symptomatic subretinal fluid related to choroidal nevus. Retina. 2012;32:936–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gariano RF. Cellular mechanisms in retinal vascular development. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2003;22:295–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gariano RF, Gardner TW. Retinal angiogenesis in development and disease. Nature. 2005;438:960–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerhardt H, et al. VEGF guides angiogenic sprouting utilizing endothelial tip cell filopodia. J Cell Biol. 2003;161:1163–77.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gogat K, et al. VEGF and KDR gene expression during human embryonic and fetal eye development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:7–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griggs J, Skepper JN, Smith GA, Brindle KM, Metcalfe JC, Hesketh R. Inhibition of proliferative retinopathy by the anti-vascular agent combretastatin-A4. Am J Pathol. 2002;160:1097–103.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verteporfin in Photodynamic Therapy Study Group. Verteporfin therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration: two-year results of a randomized clinical trial including lesions with occult with no classic choroidal neovascularization – verteporfin in photodynamic therapy report 2. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131:541–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(01)00967-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper SJ, Bates DO. VEGF-A splicing: the key to anti-angiogenic therapeutics? Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8:880–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heeschen C, Weis M, Aicher A, Dimmeler S, Cooke JP. A novel angiogenic pathway mediated by non-neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:527–36.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellstrom M, Gerhardt H, Kalen M, Li X, Eriksson U, Wolburg H, Betsholtz C. Lack of pericytes leads to endothelial hyperplasia and abnormal vascular morphogenesis. J Cell Biol. 2001;153:543–54. doi:10.1083/jcb.153.3.543.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holekamp NM, Bouck N, Volpert O. Pigment epithelium-derived factor is deficient in the vitreous of patients with choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:220–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Homsi J, Daud AI. Spectrum of activity and mechanism of action of VEGF/PDGF inhibitors. Cancer Control. 2007;14:285–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hornung V, et al. Sequence-specific potent induction of IFN-alpha by short interfering RNA in plasmacytoid dendritic cells through TLR7. Nat Med. 2005;11:263–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hynes RO. Integrins: versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell. 1992;69:11–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jager RD, Aiello LP, Patel SC, Cunningham Jr ET. Risks of intravitreous injection: a comprehensive review. Retina. 2004;24:676–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jia X, Jia L. Nanoparticles improve biological functions of phthalocyanine photosensitizers used for photodynamic therapy. Curr Drug Metab. 2012;13:1119–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang S, Park C, Barner JC. Ranibizumab for age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis of dose effects and comparison with no anti-VEGF treatment and bevacizumab. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2014;39:234–9. doi:10.1111/jcpt.12146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jo N, et al. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor B signaling enhances the efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in multiple models of ocular neovascularization. Am J Pathol. 2006;168:2036–53.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorge JL, David S. Potential therapeutic roles for inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy. J Ophthalmol. 2011;2011:19. doi:10.1155/2011/589813.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall RL, Thomas KA. Inhibition of vascular endothelial cell growth factor activity by an endogenously encoded soluble receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90:10705–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiuchi K, et al. Mecamylamine suppresses basal and nicotine-stimulated choroidal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:1705–11.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman ME, et al. Sequence- and target-independent angiogenesis suppression by siRNA via TLR3. Nature. 2008;452:591–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korobelnik JF, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:2247–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar R, et al. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlation from mouse to human with pazopanib, a multikinase angiogenesis inhibitor with potent antitumor and antiangiogenic activity. Mol Cancer Ther. 2007;6:2012–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamalice L, Le Boeuf F, Huot J. Endothelial cell migration during angiogenesis. Circ Res. 2007;100:782–94. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000259593.07661.1e.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letavernier E, Legendre C. mToR inhibitors-induced proteinuria: mechanisms, significance, and management. Transplant Rev. 2008;22:125–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Q, Xu Q, Zheng VW, Xue H, Cao Z, Yang Q. Multi-task learning for cross-platform siRNA efficacy prediction: an in-silico study. BMC Bioinformatics. 2010;11:1471–2105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Los M, Roodhart JM, Voest EE. Target practice: lessons from phase III trials with bevacizumab and vatalanib in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. Oncologist. 2007;12:443–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maclachlan TK, et al. Preclinical safety evaluation of AAV2-sFLT01- a gene therapy for age-related macular degeneration. Mol Ther. 2011;19:326–34.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majewski N, et al. Hexokinase-mitochondria interaction mediated by Akt is required to inhibit apoptosis in the presence or absence of Bax and Bak. Mol Cell. 2004;16:819–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mills RE, Taylor KR, Podshivalova K, McKay DB, Jameson JM. Defects in skin gamma delta T cell function contribute to delayed wound repair in rapamycin-treated mice. J Immunol. 2008;181:3974–83. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.3974.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nambu H, Nambu R, Melia M, Campochiaro PA. Combretastatin A-4 phosphate suppresses development and induces regression of choroidal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003;44:3650–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng EW, Shima DT, Calias P, Cunningham ET, Guyer DR, Adamis AP. Pegaptanib, a targeted anti-VEGF aptamer for ocular vascular disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006;5:123–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ni Z, Hui P. Emerging pharmacologic therapies for wet age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica. 2009;223:401–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak DG, et al. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) splicing from pro-angiogenic to anti-angiogenic isoforms: a novel therapeutic strategy for angiogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:5532–40.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtsuki A, Hasegawa T, Hirasawa Y, Tsuchihashi H, Ikeda S. Photodynamic therapy using light-emitting diodes for the treatment of viral warts. J Dermatol. 2009;36:525–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orecchia A, Lacal PM, Schietroma C, Morea V, Zambruno G, Failla CM. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 is deposited in the extracellular matrix by endothelial cells and is a ligand for the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin. J Cell Sci. 2003;116:3479–89. doi:10.1242/jcs.00673.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozaki H, Hla T, Lee MJ. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in endothelial activation. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2003;10:125–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palanki MS, et al. Development of prodrug 4-chloro-3-(5-methyl-3-{[4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethoxy)phenyl]amino}-1,2,4-benzotria zin-7-yl)phenyl benzoate (TG100801): a topically administered therapeutic candidate in clinical trials for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. J Med Chem. 2008;51:1546–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patan S. Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis as mechanisms of vascular network formation, growth and remodeling. J Neurooncol. 2000;50:1–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pavan-Langston D, Langston RH. Recent advances in antiviral therapy. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1975;15:89–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettit GR, et al. Antineoplastic agents 322. Synthesis of combretastatin A-4 prodrugs. Anticancer Drug Des. 1995;10:299–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen H, et al. Clinical protocol. An open-label, phase I, single administration, dose-escalation study of ADGVPEDF.11D (ADPEDF) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Hum Gene Ther. 2001;12:2029–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razeghinejad MR, Katz LJ. Steroid-induced iatrogenic glaucoma. Ophthalmic Res. 2012;47:66–80. doi:10.1159/000328630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivellese MJ, Baumal CR. Photodynamic therapy of eye diseases. J Ophthalmic Nurs Technol. 2000;19:134–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau S, Houle FO, Huot J. Integrating the VEGF signals leading to actin-based motility in vascular endothelial cells. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2000;10:321–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1050-1738(01)00072-X.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saishin Y, Takahashi K, Lima e Silva R, Hylton D, Rudge JS, Wiegand SJ, Campochiaro PA. VEGF-TRAP(R1R2) suppresses choroidal neovascularization and VEGF-induced breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. J Cell Physiol. 2003;195:241–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sampat KM, Garg SJ. Complications of intravitreal injections. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010;21:178–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Erfurth U, Hasan T. Mechanisms of action of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 2000;45:195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6257(00)00158-2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard Jr JD, Epstein RJ, Lattanzio Jr FA, Marcantonio D, Williams PB. Argon laser photodynamic therapy of human corneal neovascularization after intravenous administration of dihematoporphyrin ether. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141:524–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherris D. Ocular drug development--future directions. Angiogenesis. 2007;10:71–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shoshani T, et al. Identification of a novel hypoxia-inducible factor 1-responsive gene, RTP801, involved in apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol. 2002;22:2283–93.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sibata CH, Colussi VC, Oleinick NL, Kinsella TJ. Photodynamic therapy: a new concept in medical treatment. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000;33:869–80. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2000000800002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva RM, Faria de Abreu JR, Travassos A, Cunha-Vaz JG. Stabilization of visual acuity with photodynamic therapy in eyes with chorioretinal anastomoses. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004;242:368–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slakter JS. Anecortave acetate for treating or preventing choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2006;19:373–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sledz CA, Holko M, de Veer MJ, Silverman RH, Williams BR. Activation of the interferon system by short-interfering RNAs. Nat Cell Biol. 2003;5:834–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soefje SA, Karnad A, Brenner AJ. Common toxicities of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors. Target Oncol. 2011;6:125–9. doi:10.1007/s11523-011-0174-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sofroniadou S, Goldsmith D. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors: potential uses and a review of haematological adverse effects. Drug Saf. 2011;34:97–115. doi:10.2165/11585040-000000000-00000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart MW. Aflibercept (VEGF Trap-eye): the newest anti-VEGF drug. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96:1157–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart MW. Anti-VEGF therapy for diabetic macular edema. Curr Diab Rep. 2014;14:510. doi:10.1007/s11892-014-0510-4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi K, Saishin Y, King AG, Levin R, Campochiaro PA. Suppression and regression of choroidal neovascularization by the multitargeted kinase inhibitor pazopanib. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:494–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeda A, et al. CCR3 is a target for age-related macular degeneration diagnosis and therapy. Nature. 2009;460:225–30.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tolentino M. Systemic and ocular safety of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies for ocular neovascular disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 2011;56:95–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuncer S, Kir N, Shields CL. Dramatic regression of amelanotic choroidal melanoma with PDT following poor response to brachytherapy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2012;43:15428877–20120426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watterson KR, Lanning DA, Diegelmann RF, Spiegel S. Regulation of fibroblast functions by lysophospholipid mediators: potential roles in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 2007;15:607–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss A, den Bergh H, Griffioen AW, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Angiogenesis inhibition for the improvement of photodynamic therapy: the revival of a promising idea. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1826:53–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witmer AN, Vrensen GF, Van Noorden CJ, Schlingemann RO. Vascular endothelial growth factors and angiogenesis in eye disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2003;22:1–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmann J, Huggett MT, Bown SG, Pereira SP. Safety study of photodynamic therapy using talaporfin sodium in the pancreas and surrounding tissues in the syrian golden hamster. Int J Photoenergy. 2014;2014:7. doi:10.1155/2014/483750.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wollensak G. Crosslinking treatment of progressive keratoconus: new hope. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2006;17:356–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong RL, Lai TY. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy: an update on therapeutic approaches. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2013;8:359–71.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie B, Shen J, Dong A, Rashid A, Stoller G, Campochiaro PA. Blockade of sphingosine-1-phosphate reduces macrophage influx and retinal and choroidal neovascularization. J Cell Physiol. 2009;218:192–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zahn G, Vossmeyer D, Stragies R, Wills M, Wong CG, Loffler KU. Preclinical evaluation of the novel small molecule integrin α5β1 inhibitor JSM6427 in monkey and rabbit models of choroidal neovascularization. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:1329–35. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vitreous-Retina Service, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Atul Kumar MD, FAMS

  2. Vitreoretina Unit, Nethradhama Superspeciality Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India

    S. N. Mohanraj MD

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Kavitha Duraipandi MD, FICO, DNB

  4. Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Anuradha V. Pai PhD

Authors
  1. Atul Kumar MD, FAMS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. N. Mohanraj MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kavitha Duraipandi MD, FICO, DNB
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Anuradha V. Pai PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Atul Kumar MD, FAMS or Atul Kumar MD, FAMS .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. RP Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, New Delhi, India

    Thirumurthy Velpandian

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kumar, A., Mohanraj, S.N., Duraipandi, K., Pai, A.V. (2016). Antiangiogenic Agents and Photodynamic Therapy. In: Velpandian, T. (eds) Pharmacology of Ocular Therapeutics. Adis, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25498-2_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation