Deactivating Cochlear Implant Electrodes Based on Pitch Information for Users of the ACE Strategy

Various approaches have been explored to look at the effects of re-mapping cochlear implants (CIs) to overcome the problems associated with neural dead regions or poor electrode placement (electrode-neuron interface (ENI)). The mapping interventions have typically explored ways to identify electrodes for de-activation using Computerized Tomography (CT), threshold profiling with focussed stimulation, detection of modulation and pitch-based electrode discrimination. Electrodes indicated as being in a region with a poor ENI have typically been deactivated with the intention of improving spectral resolution by reducing overlapping electrode stimulation patterns.

If a poor ENI arises due to an underlying neural dead region, the transmission of information in that frequency channel could be impeded; if a poor ENI arises due to the presence of broad electrical fields, this will lead to corruption of channel specific information. For both cases it could be beneficial to deactivate electrodes, however when doing so frequency information is re-allocated to other electrodes making analysis bands broader and distorting frequency-to-electrode mapping. These effects are small for individual electrode deactivation but can be substantial for deactivation of multiple electrodes, potentially resulting in poorer precision of information transmission; a completely opposite effect to that intended.

Some n-of-m (n channels with highest input amplitudes stimulated out of a possible m channels; e.g. ACE (8-of-22) or SPEAK) strategies may not benefit from deactivation of electrodes due to the simplification of the information delivery already inherent in the strategy.

The findings from electrode deactivation studies are mixed. Noble et al. (2014) used a CT-guided technique in which pre- and post-operative scans were used to determine the electrode positioning with respect to the modiolus. Poorly positioned electrodes were deactivated and additional mapping adjustments made. Assessments were conducted at baseline and following a 3–6 week exposure period with the adjusted map. Learning effects were not accounted for. Thirty-six out of 72 (50 %) participants demonstrated a benefit on one outcome measure (CNC words, AzBio sentences (quiet, +10 dB, +5 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)) and BKBSin), 17 had a significant degradation in performance (24 %), three cochlear users had mixed results (4 %) and the final 16 participants did not demonstrate any effect of the de-activation (22 %). When broken down by device, the results showed significant benefit on one measure for 16 out of 26 AB and MEDEL users (62 %; seven showed significant deterioration) and 20 out of 46 Cochlear users (44 %; ten showed significant deterioration and three a mixture of significant deterioration and significant improvement). Overall the results demonstrated significant improvements in speech understanding in quiet and noise for re-mapped participants, with no particular test exhibiting the greatest improvements. Cochlear users were less likely to benefit from electrode deactivation than users of the other devices. As speculated earlier it could be that the n-of-m strategies used in the Cochlear device may be less sensitive to channel overlap effects because not all channels are stimulated in each cycle.

Zwolan et al. (1997) assessed users of an older generation Cochlear device (Mini-22) stimulated in bipolar mode using an MPEAK sound processing strategy. They demonstrated positive results when deactivating electrodes based on pitch discrimination. Testing was acute with care to randomise between clinical and experimental maps in the assessment, but the experimental map exposure was far briefer than that of the clinical map. They found significant improvements in speech perception in at least one speech test for seven out of nine participants; while two participants showed a significant decrease on at least one speech test. This study demonstrated some benefit from channel deactivation for Cochlear users; however the MPEAK strategy was based on feature extraction and not n-of-m.

Work by Saleh (Saleh et al. 2013; Saleh 2013) using listeners with more up-to-date sound processing strategies also demonstrated positive findings when deactivating electrodes. They based channel selection on acoustic pitch ranking. Electrodes were identified for deactivation if they did not provide distinct or tonotopic pitch information. Twenty-five participants were enrolled. They received take-home experimental maps for a 1-month time period before being assessed. Assessments were conducted with the clinical map at baseline and again following experience with the experimental map. They found statistically significant improvements for electrode deactivation on speech perception tests for 16 of the 25 participants (67 %). For the Cochlear users 56 % (five out of nine) gained benefit compared to 69 % for the AB and MED-EL users (11 out of 16). Participant numbers were small but there was a trend for fewer Cochlear users to benefit compared to other devices; similar to that observed in Noble et al. (2014).

Garadat et al. (2013) deactivated electrodes based on modulation detection in a group of ACE users. Up to five electrodes were switched off and they were selected such that only individual non-adjacent contacts were deactivated to avoid large regions being switched off. Following deactivation they demonstrated significant benefit for consonant perception and CUNY sentences in speech-shaped noise (8 out of 12 showed benefit) but demonstrated a deterioration in performance for vowel perception (7 out of 12 showed degradation). Testing was acute so learning effects were not controlled for and listeners were not given time to adapt to the experimental maps; with further experience and acclimatisation users may have performed better on the vowel task, particularly because it is known that vowel perception is sensitive to filtering adjustments (Friesen et al. 1999). These findings are potentially positive for ACE users but without a control condition they are not definitive proof.

Some researchers have not observed benefit from electrode deactivation and have even demonstrated potentially deleterious effects for Cochlear device users. Henshall and McKay (2001) used a multidimensional scaling technique to identify and deactivate electrodes having non-tonotopic percepts. They did not find an improvement in speech perception when channels were switched off and hypothesized that this could be due to the shift in frequency-to-electrode allocation produced by clinical software when electrodes are deactivated; particularly in the apical region.

The findings from different deactivation studies are inconclusive, partly due to the difficulties of comparing experimental to clinical maps that the CI users had adapted to and partly due to the impact that deactivating channels can have on other factors (e.g. rate of stimulation; filter-frequency allocation) which differ between devices and sound processing strategies. There is a trend suggesting that deactivating electrodes may be less effective for ACE or SPEAK users than for the CIS based sound processing strategies incorporated in AB or MEDEL devices.

The goal of this research was to explore the impact of electrode deactivation for adult users of the ACE strategy ensuring that participants received sufficient adaptation time with experimental maps and that learning effects were controlled for. Additionally participants’ clinical maps were optimised to ensure comparisons were made with an optimal control condition. A pitch ranking task was used to identify indiscriminable electrodes for deactivation and an additional control condition was included in which discriminable electrodes were deactivated to determine if any benefits observed were due to switching off electrodes with a poor ENI or just due to having fewer channels.

The research objectives were:

Non-parametric statistics (Wilcoxon) were used due to the small number of participants (N = 13) and the CCRM and SMRT data exceeded acceptable limits for skewness and kurtosis. Each mapping condition was tested on two occasions and the highest score was used in the analysis.

Fig. 1 shows group results, comparing the optimised clinical map to the “indiscriminable” and “discriminable” deactivation conditions.

Open image in new window

For CAPT, CCRM in speech-shaped noise and babble there were no significant differences between any of the mapping options at the p < 0.05 level. However, the SMRT was significantly poorer for the indiscriminable electrodes deactivated than the clinical map (z = − 2.9, p = 0.004) and also significantly poorer when the discriminable electrodes were de-activated (z = − 2.62, p = 0.009). There was no significant difference between the de-activation of the indiscriminable or discriminable electrodes.

Results indicated that there was no measurable benefit for deactivating channels based on pitch ranking for ACE users. Effects were negligible regardless of whether the deactivated channels were indiscriminable or discriminable based on pitch ranking. Care was taken to balance the design and ensure that all maps were used for sufficient time to obtain benefit. Prior to experimental map adjustments, clinical maps were optimised and each participant given an acclimatisation period prior to starting the study.

There was a range in the number of channels selected for deactivation (1–6; median = four channels), which, when combined with the electrodes already switched off, resulted in a de-activation range of 1–10 (median = six channels). For an n-of-m strategy this number of deactivated electrodes may have been too small to demonstrate differences in performance; the selection of channels to deactivate was based purely on electrodes that were indiscriminable from one another in pitch ranking and for many users the number of indiscriminable electrode pairs was low so only small numbers were deactivated.

The only statistically significant finding indicated that spectral resolution was poorer when electrodes were de-activated. When the channels were de-activated the rate of stimulation never changed, however the default filter allocation was used, which may have affected the spectral information (Henshall and McKay 2001). For the deactivation of discriminable channels, the selected channels were as near in site to the deactivated indiscriminable channels in an attempt to avoid dramatic differences between the two conditions for filter allocations. However, for many people the changes to the frequency-to-electrode allocation would have been large when compared to the clinical map.

There should be further exploration of the fitting parameter space for users of n-of-m strategies. The limits or extent of effective use for channel de-activation should be determined and predictive factors to aid the fitting process defined. It is also essential to determine the most critical factors to modify for those with poorer performance levels.