Abstract
Bromus (L.) species are cool-season grasses of temperate regions and tropical high elevations. Some species in the genus Bromus have been widely introduced into new areas of the globe and are invasive in the Western United States, while others occur only in their native ranges. We developed a database with information about traits of Bromus species and their interactions with biotic and abiotic features of their environments. Using the collected data, we looked for correlations among wide introduction, weediness, a suite of traits including taxonomic section, year, life span, seed awn length, average seed mass, polyploidy, human use and cultivar availability, and climate factors. Annual Bromus species were often destructive crop weeds, ruderal weeds, and environmental (natural habitat) weeds. Long awn length was associated with wide introduction and weediness in annual Bromus grasses. Perennial Bromus grasses generally remained confined to their native regions unless they were polyploid species cultivated for hay, forage, and revegetation, and few were invasive. Invasiveness in Bromus species was associated with the ability to grow at high and low temperature and precipitation levels and with human activities. Most research focuses on highly invasive species such as Bromus tectorum L. (downy brome or cheatgrass) and cultivated species such as Bromus inermis Leyss. (smooth brome), while information about most other species is more limited. Information about Bromus species in a central location facilitates comparisons among species and provides data that can be used for modeling, prediction, management, and control of Bromus grass invasions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Acedo C, Llamas F (2001) Variation of micromorphological characters of lemma and palea in the genus Bromus (Poaceae). Ann Bot Fenn 38:1–14
Ainouche ML, Bayer RJ (1997) On the origins of the tetraploid Bromus species (section Bromus, Poaceae): insights from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DMA. Genome 40:730–743
Andersson L, Milberg P, Schütz W, Steinmetz O (2002) Germination characteristics and emergence time of annual Bromus species of differing weediness in Sweden. Weed Res 42:135–147
Angelo R, Boufford DE (2013) Atlas of the flora of New England. http://neatlas.org/index.html. Accessed 23 Jun 2013
Armstrong KC (1983) The relationship between some Eurasian and American species of Bromus section Pnigma as determined by the karyotypes of some F1 hybrids. Can J Bot 61:700–707
Baker HG (1974) The evolution of weeds. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 5:1–24
Barkworth ME, Anderton LK, Capels KM, Long S, Piep MB (2007) Manual of grasses for North America. Intermountain Herbarium and Utah State University Press, Logan, Utah
Behre K-E (2008) Collected seeds and fruits from herbs as prehistoric food. Veg Hist Archaeobot 17:65–73
Bennett MD, Smith JB (1972) The effects of polyploidy on meiotic duration and pollen development in cereal anthers. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol 181:81–10
Bilz M (2011) Bromus interruptus. IUCN 2012. IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2012.1. http: http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 23 Aug 2012
Bradley BA, Wilcove DS (2009) When invasive plants disappear: transformative restoration possibilities in the western United States resulting from climate change. Restor Ecol 17:715–721
Brooks ML (2012) Effects of high fire frequency in creosote bush scrub vegetation of the Mojave Desert. Int J Wildland Fire 21:61–68
Brooks ML, Belnap J, Brown CS et al (2015) Exotic annual Bromus invasions – comparisons among species and ecoregions in the Western United States. In: Germino MJ, Chambers JC, Brown CS (eds) Exotic brome-grasses in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the Western USA: causes, consequences, and management implications. Springer, New York, NY (Chapter 2)
Brooks ML, Berry KH (2006) Dominance and environmental correlates of alien annual plants in the Mojave Desert, USA. J Arid Environ 57:100–124
Bugg RL, Brown CS, Anderson JH (1997) Restoring native perennial grasses to rural roadsides in the Sacramental Valley of California: establishment and evaluation. Restor Ecol 5:214–228
Burns JH (2004) A comparison of invasive and non-invasive dayflowers (Commelinaceae) across environmental nutrient and water gradients. Divers Distrib 10:387–397
Camus A (1956) Graminées nouvelles des genres Craspedorhachis, Agrostis, et Bromus, Notulae Systematica, Herbier du Museum de Paris 15: 134–137
Clayton WD, Renvoize SA (1986) Genera Graminum – Grasses of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Clayton WD, Vorontsova MS, Harman KT et al (2006+) GrassBase – the online grass flora – The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. Accessed Mar 2012
Concilio AL, Loik ME, Belhamp J (2013) Global change effects on Bromus tectorum L. (Poaceae) at its high-elevation range margin. Glob Change Biol 19:161–172
Cowbrough M, Darbyshire S, Sikkema P et al (2007) Weed Profile: Chess, Bromus secalinus. Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs. Ontario, Canada. http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/info_chess.htm. Accessed 29 Oct 2012
Darbyshire SJ (2003) Inventory of Canadian weeds. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/A42-100-2003E.pdf. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Darris D (2007) California Brome – Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. – Plant Symbol-BRCA5. United States Department of Agriculture National Resources Conservation Service. http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_brca5.pdf. Accessed 10 Aug 2010
DeFalco LA, Bryla DR, Smith-Longozo V, Nowak RS (2003) Are Mojave Desert annual species equal? Resource acquisition and allocation for the invasive grass Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens (Poaceae) and two native species. Am J Bot 90:1045–1053
Dillemuth FP, Rietschier EA, Cronin JT (2009) Patch dynamics of a native grass in relation to the spread of invasive smooth brome (Bromus inermis). Biol Invasions 11:1381–1391
Elliot FC (1949) Bromus inermis and Bromus pumpellianus in North America. Evolution 3:142–149
Firn J, Moore JL, MacDougall AS et al (2011) Abundance of introduced species at home predicts abundance away in herbaceous communities. Ecol Lett 14:274–291
Fortune PM, Portau N, Viron N et al (2008) Molecular phylogeny and reticulate origins of the polyploid Bromus species from section Genea (Poaceae). Am J Bot 95:454–464
GBIF (2013) Global biodiversity information facility. http://www.gbif.org. Accessed 1 Jan 1–28 Feb 2013 through Osborne et al. (2011) GrassPortal
Germino MJ, Belnap J, Stark JM et al (2015) Ecosystem impacts of exotic annual invaders in the genus bromus. In: Germino MJ, Chambers JC, Brown CS (eds) Exotic brome-grasses in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the Western USA: causes, consequences, and management implications. Springer, New York, NY (Chapter 3)
Gigot G (2011) Bromus bromoideus. IUCN 2012. IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2012.1. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 23 Aug 2012
Grass Phylogeny Working Group (2000) A phylogeny of the grass family (Poaceae), as inferred from eight character sets. In: Jacobs SWL, Everett J (eds) Grasses: systematics and evolution. Csiro Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, pp 3–7
Grass Phylogeny Working Group (2001) Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Ann Mo Bot Gard 88:373–457
Haferkamp MR, Heitschmidt RK, Karl MG (1997) Influence of Japanese brome on western wheatgrass yield. J Range Manag 50:44–50
Halvorson WL, Guertin P (2003) USGS weeds in the west project: status of introduced plants in southern Arizona parks – factsheet for: Bromus L. spp. US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Sonoran Desert Field Station, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Hamilton MA, Murray BR, Cadotte MW, Hose GC, Baker AC, Harris CJ, Licari D (2005) Life-history correlates of plant invasiveness at regional and continental scales. Ecol Lett 8:1066–1074
Hobbs RJ, Yates S, Mooney HA (2007) Long-term data reveal complex dynamics in grassland in relation to climate and disturbance. Ecol Monogr 77:545–568
Howard JL (1998) Bromus hordeaceus. In: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Fire Effects Information System. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Hulbert LC (1955) Ecological studies of Bromus tectorum and other annual bromegrasses. Ecol Monogr 25:181–213
Humphreys AM, Antonelli A, Pirie MD et al (2011) Ecology and evolution of the diaspore burial syndrome. Evolution 65:1163–1180
Iannone LJ, Pinget AD, Nagabhyru P et al (2012) Beneficial effects of Neotyphodium tembladerae and Neotyphodium pampeanum on a wild forage grass. Grass Forage Sci 67:382–390
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). http://www.itis.gov. Accessed Mar 2012
Jackson LE (1985) Ecological origins of California’s Mediterranean grasses. J Biogeogr 12:349–361
Jongepierova I, Mitchley J, Tzanopoulos J (2007) A field experiment to recreate species rich hay meadows using regional seed mixtures. Biol Conserv 139:297–305
Kleeman SG, Gill GS (2006) Differences in the distribution and seed germination behavior of populations of Bromus rigidus and Bromus diandrus in South Australia: adaptations to habitat and implications for weed management. Aust J Agric Res 57:213–219
Kolar C, Lodge DM (2002) Ecological predictions and risk assessment for alien fishes in North America. Science 298:1233–1236
Lass L, Prather (2007) A scientific evaluation for noxious and invasive weeds of the highway 95 construction project between Uniontown Cutoff and Moscow. Aquilavision, Inc. http://www.nortwestmedia.net/us95/pdf-final/Final-Weed-Report.pdf. Accessed 12 Aug 2012
Liu L, Zhu G, Ammann KH (2006) Flora of China – Bromus Linnaeus, Sp. P1: 76. 1753. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=104664
Lodge DM (1993) Species invasions and deletions: community effects and responses to climate and habitat change. In: Kareiva PM, Kingsolver JG, Huey RB (eds) Biotic interactions and global change. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, pp 367–401
Luneva NN (2003–2009) Bromus secalinus L. – Rye brome. Interactive agricultural ecological Atlas of Russia and neighboring countries. http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/weeds/Bromus_secalinus. Accessed 21 Aug 2012
May KW, Willms WD, Stout DG, Coulman B, Fairey NA, Hall JW (1999) Seed yield of three Bromus species native to western Canada. Can J Plant Sci 79:551–555
Melgoza G, Nowak RS, Tausch RJ (1990) Soil water exploitation after fire: competition between Bromus tectorum (Cheatgrass) and two native species. Oecologia 83:1–7
Melgoza G, Nowak RS (1991) Competition between cheatgrass and two native species after fire: implications from observations and measurements of root distribution. J Range Manag 44:27–33
Missouri Botanic Garden (2013) Tropicos. http://www.tropicos.org. Accessed April–June 2013
Moles A, Westoby M (2006) Seed size and plant strategy across the whole life cycle. Oikos 113:92–105
Monty A, Maurice S, Mahy G (2010) Phenotypic traits variation among native diploid, native tetraploid and invasive tetraploid Senecio inaequidens DC. (Asteraceae). Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ 14:627–632
Murrumbidgee Catchment Management Authority (2008) Best management practices for dryland cropping systems – Great Brome (Bromus diandrus). http://www.murrumbidgee.cma.nsw.gov.au/downloads/info_sheets/dryland_cropping/Great_Brome_Revised.pdf. Accessed 3 Aug 2010
National Research Council (2002) Predicting invasions of nonindigenous plants and plant pests. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, p 9
Norton JB, Monaco TA, Norton U (2007) Mediterranean annual grasses in western North America: kids in a candy store. Plant Soil 298:1–5
O’Connor BJ, Paquette SP, Gusta LV (1991) A comparison of the freezing tolerance of downy brome, Japanese brome and Norstar winter wheat. Can J Plant Sci 71:565–569
Oja T (2002) Bromus fasciculatus Presl – a third diploid progenitor of Bromus section Genea allopolyploids (Poaceae). Hereditas 137:113–118
Oja T (2007) Preliminary isozyme evidence on the hybrid origin and diploid progenitors of Bromus pectinatus (Poaceae). Aliso 23:468–471
Olson DM, Dinerstein E (2002) The global 200: priority ecoregions for global conservation. Ann Mo Bot Gard 89:199–224
Orrock J, Hoisington-López JL (2009) Mortality of exotic and native seeds in invaded and uninvaded habitats. Acta Oecol 35:758–762
Osborne CP, Visser V, Chapman S et al (2011) GrassPortal: an online ecological and evolutionary data facility. http://www.grassportal.org. Accessed 1 Jan–28 Feb 2013
Otfinowski R, Kenkel NC (2008) Clonal integration facilitates the proliferation of smooth brome clones invading northern fescue prairies. Plant Ecol 199:235–242
Otfinowski R, Kenkel NC, Catling PM (2007) The biology of Canadian weeds. 134. Bromus inermis Leyss. Can J Plant Sci 87:183–198
Peart MH (1984) The effects of morphology, orientation and position of grass diaspores on seedling survival. J Ecol 72:437–453
Perrins J, Williamson M, Fitter A (1992) Do annual weeds have predictable characters. Acta Oecol 13:517–533
Powell MR (2004) Risk assessment for invasive plant species. Weed Technol 18:1305–1308
Preston CD, Pearman DA, Dines TD (2004) New atlas of the British and Irish flora. Oxford University Press, Oxford, NY
Pyšek P (1998) Is there a taxonomic pattern to plant invasions? Oikos 82:282–294
Pyšek P, Richardson DM (2007) Traits associated with invasiveness in alien plants, where do we stand? In: Nentwig W (ed) Biological invasions, vol 193, Ecological Studies. Springer, Berlin, pp 97–126
Randall RP, CRC for Australian Weed Management (2007) The introduced flora of Australia and its weed status. http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/hort/intro_flora_australia.pdf. Accessed 23 Aug 2012
Reid CR, Goodrich S, Brown JE (2008) Cheatgrass and red brome; the history and biology of two invaders. In: Kitchen SG, Pendleton RL, Monaco TA et al (eds) Shrublands under fire: disturbance and recovery in a changing world, 6–8 June 2006. Gen Tech Rep RMRS-P-52. USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Cedar City, UT, pp 27–32
Rejmánek M (1996) A theory of seed plant invasiveness: the first sketch. Biol Conserv 78:171–181
Rejmánek M (2000) Invasive plants: approaches and predictions. Austral Ecol 25:497–506
Rejmánek M, Richardson DM, Pyšek P (2005) Plant invasions and invasibility of plant communities. In: van der Maurel E (ed) Vegetation ecology. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 332–355
Rich TCG, Lockton AJ (2002) Bromus interruptus (Hack.) Druce (Poaceae) – an extinct English endemic. Watsonia 24:69–80
Roy J (1990) In search of the characteristics of plant invaders. In: Di Castri F, Hansen AJ, Debussche M (eds) Biological invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp 336–352
Roy J, Navas ML, Sonié L (1991) Invasion by annual brome grasses: a case study challenging the homoclime approach to invasions. In: Groves RH, Di Castri F (eds) Biogeography of Mediterranean invasions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 207–224
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (2008) Seed Information Database (SID) v. 7.1. http://data.kew.org/sid. Accessed 26 Jan–17 Feb 2011
Saarela JM (2001) Molecular systematic studies in the commelind monocots. Dissertation, The University of British Columbia, NR26789
Saarela JM, Peterson PM, Keane RM, Cayouette J, Graham SW (2007) Molecular phylogenetics of Bromus (Poaceae, Pooideae) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data. Aliso 23:450–467
Sales F (1991) A reassessment of Bromus tectorum: a computer assessment, synaptospermy and chorispermy. Flora et Vegetatio Mundi 9:29–41
Sales F (1994) Evolutionary tendencies in some annual species of Bromus (Bromus L. sect. Genea Dum. (Poaceae)). Bot J Linn Soc 115:197–210
Salo LF (2004) Population dynamics of red brome (Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens): times for concern, opportunities for management. J Arid Environ 57:291–296
Salo LF (2005) Red Brome (Bromus rubens subsp. madritensis) in North America: possible modes for early introductions, subsequent spread. Biol Invasions 7:165–180
Salo LF, Mcpherson GR, Williams DG (2005) Am Midl Nat 153:95–109
Sampson AW (1913) The reseeding of depleted grazing lands to cultivated forage plants. Bulletin of the USDA, No. 4
Scholz H (1998) Notes on Bromus danthoniae and relatives (Gramineae). Willdenowia 28:143–150
Schmidt JP, Stephens PR, Drake JM (2012) Two sides of the same coin? Rare and pest plants native to the United States and Canada. Ecol Appl 22:1512–1525
Sherry RA, Arnone JA III, Johnson DW et al (2012) Carry over from previous year environmental conditions alters dominance hierarchy in a prairie plant community. J Plant Ecol 5:134–146
Simberloff D (2005) Non-native species do threaten the natural environment. J Agric Environ Ethic 18:595–607
Sinkins PA, Otfinowski R (2012) Invasion or retreat? The fate of exotic invaders on the northern prairies, 40 years after cattle grazing. Plant Ecol 213:1251–1262
Smith P (1968) The Bromus mollis aggregate in Britain. Watsonia 6:327–344
Smith P (1970) Taxonomy and nomenclature of the brome grasses. Notes R Bot Gard Edinb 30:361–376
Smoliak S, Ditterline RL, Scheetz JD et al (1990) Smooth brome (Bromus inermis). In: Montana interagency plant materials handbook for forage production, conservation, reclamation, and wildlife (EB69). http://animalrangeextension.montana.edu/articles/forage/species/grasses/Smoothbromegrass.htm. Accessed 12 Jul 2012
Soderstrom TR, Beaman JH (1968) The genus Bromus (Gramineae) in Mexico and Central America. In: Publication of the Museum, Michigan State University, Biological series 3, pp 465–520
Stace C, van der Meijden, de Kort I (eds) (2005) Rye Brome. Interactive flora of Northwest Europe. http://wbd.etibioinformatics.nl/bis/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=4598. Accessed 21 Aug 2012
Stebbins GL (1956) Cytogenetics and evolution of the grass family. Am J Bot 43:890–905
Stebbins GL (1981) Chromosomes and evolution in the genus Bromus (Gramineae). Bot Jahrb Syst Bot 102:359–379
Stebbins GL, Tobgy HA (1944) The cytogenetics of hybrids in Bromus. I. Hybrids within the section Ceratochloa. Am J Bot 31:1–11
Stewart AV (1996) Potential value of some Bromus species of the section Ceratochloa. N Z J Agric Res 39:611–618
Sumners WH, Archibold OW (2007) Exotic plant species in the southern boreal forest of Saskatchewan. Forest Ecol Manag 251:156–163
Sutkowska A, Mitka J (2008) RAPD analysis points to old world Bromus species as ancestral to new world subgen. Festucaria. Acta Biol Ser Bot 50:117–125
Taa A, Tanner D, Bennie ATP (2004) Effects of stubble management, tillage and cropping sequence on wheat production in the south-eastern highlands of Ethiopia. Soil Till Res 75:69–82
te Beest M, Le Roux JJ, Richardson DM et al (2012) The more the better? The role of polyploidy in facilitating plant invasions. Ann Bot 109:19–45
Tilley DJ, Ogle D, St. John L et al (2006) Plant Guide – Mountain Brome – Bromus marginatus Nees ex Steudel. USDA National Resources Conservation Service. http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_brma4.pdf. Accessed 25 Jan 2011
Tsvelev NN, Fedorov AnA (ed) (1984) Grasses of the Soviet Union Part 1. Russian Translation Series 8. AA Balkema, Rotterdam
Udvardy MDF (1975) A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 18. Morges, Switzerland
United States Department of Agriculture ARS (2011) National plant germplasm system. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs. Accessed 10 Oct–14 Nov 2011
United States Department of Agriculture Natural Conservation Service Lockeford Plant Materials Center (2012) ‘Cucamonga’ California Brome. Lockeford, California. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/capmcrb11063.pdf. Accessed 16 Jul 2015
United States Department of Agriculture NRCS (2011) The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. http://plants.usda.gov. Accessed 10 Oct–14 Nov 2011
United States Geological Survey (2013) An assessment of exotic plant species of the rocky mountains: Bromus inermis Leyss. (Bromopsis inermis) Smooth Brome (Poaceae – Graminae). http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/plants/explant/brominer.htm. Accessed 13 May 2014
Upadhyaya MK, Turkington R, McIlvride D (1986) The biology of Canadian weeds. 75. – Bromus tectorum L. Can J Plant Sci 66:689–709
Walters TW (2011) A resource for California Central Valley table grapes. Identification Technology Program, CPHST, PPQ, APHIS, USDA. Fort Collins, CO. http://itp.lucidcentral.org/id/table-grape/resource. Accessed 31 Oct 2012
Walsh RA (1994) Bromus pumpellianus. In: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
Weintraub FC (1953) Grasses Introduced into the United States – Forest Service Agricultural Handbook No. 58
Whisenant SG (1990) Postfire population dynamics of Bromus japonicus. Am Midl Nat 123:301–308
Whitney KD, Gabler CA (2008) Rapid evolution in introduced species, ‘invasive traits’ and recipient communities: challenges for predicting invasion potential. Divers Distrib 14:569–580
Wilcox DH (1986) Biology and control of Bromus pectinatus Thunb. Dissertation, The University of Manitoba, Canada
Williams WM, Stewart AV, Williamson ML (2011) Bromus. In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources, millets and grains. Springer, Berlin, pp 15–29 (Chapter 2)
Wood TE, Doherty K, Padgett W (2015) Development of native plant materials for restoration and rehabilitation of Colorado plateau ecosystems. Nat Area J 35:134–149
World Wildlife Fund, Inc (WWF) (2014) Ecoregions. http://worldwildlife.org/biomes. Accessed 19 Apr 2014
Wu S-H, Tsai JK, Sun HT et al (2009) Patterns of plant invasions in the preserves and recreation areas of Shei-Pa National Park in Taiwan. Bot Stud 50:217–227
Zelikova TJ, Hufbauer RA, Reed SC et al (2013) Co-evolutionary responses of Bromus tectorum to climate change: implications for biological invasions. Ecol Evol 3:1374–1387
Zouhar K (2003) Bromus tectorum. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis. Accessed 1 Nov 2013
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Atkinson, S.Y., Brown, C.S. (2016). Attributes That Confer Invasiveness and Impacts Across the Large Genus Bromus: Lessons from the Bromus REEnet Database. In: Germino, M., Chambers, J., Brown, C. (eds) Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western US. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-24928-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-24930-8
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)