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Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western US pp 275–304Cite as

Plant Community Resistance to Invasion by Bromus Species: The Roles of Community Attributes, Bromus Interactions with Plant Communities, and Bromus Traits

Part of the Springer Series on Environmental Management book series (SSEM)

Abstract

The factors that determine plant community resistance to exotic annual Bromus species (Bromus hereafter) are diverse and context specific. They are influenced by the environmental characteristics and attributes of the community, the traits of Bromus species, and the direct and indirect interactions of Bromus with the plant community. Environmental factors, in particular ambient and soil temperatures, have significant effects on the ability of Bromus to establish and spread. Seasonality of precipitation relative to temperature influences plant community resistance to Bromus through effects on soil water storage, timing of water and nutrient availability, and dominant plant life forms. Differences among plant communities in how well soil resource use by the plant community matches resource supply rates can influence the magnitude of resource fluctuations due to either climate or disturbance and thus the opportunities for invasion. The spatial and temporal patterns of resource availability and acquisition of growth resources by Bromus versus native species strongly influence resistance to invasion. Traits of Bromus that confer a “priority advantage” for resource use in many communities include early-season germination and high growth and reproductive rates. Resistance to Bromus can be overwhelmed by high propagule supply, low innate seed dormancy, and large, if short-lived, seed banks. Biological crusts can inhibit germination and establishment of invasive annual plants, including several annual Bromus species, but are effective only in the absence of disturbance. Herbivores can have negative direct effects on Bromus, but positive indirect effects through decreases in competitors. Management strategies can be improved through increased understanding of community resistance to exotic annual Bromus species.

Keywords

  • Ecosystem resilience
  • Plant traits
  • Resource dynamics
  • Species interactions
  • Herbivory

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Fig. 10.1

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Acknowledgments

Jayne Belnap was supported by the USGS Ecosystem Invasives Program. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Reno, NV, 89512, USA

    Jeanne C. Chambers

  2. US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, ID, 83706, USA

    Matthew J. Germino

  3. US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT, 84532, USA

    Jayne Belnap

  4. Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1177, USA

    Cynthia S. Brown

  5. Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5230, USA

    Eugene W. Schupp

  6. Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA

    Samuel B. St. Clair

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  1. Jeanne C. Chambers
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  3. Jayne Belnap
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  4. Cynthia S. Brown
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  5. Eugene W. Schupp
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  6. Samuel B. St. Clair
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Correspondence to Jeanne C. Chambers .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. US Geological Survey, Boise, Idaho, USA

    Matthew J. Germino

  2. Rocky Mountain Experimental Station, US Forest Service, Reno, Nevada, USA

    Jeanne C. Chambers

  3. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

    Cynthia S. Brown

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Chambers, J.C., Germino, M.J., Belnap, J., Brown, C.S., Schupp, E.W., Clair, S.B.S. (2016). Plant Community Resistance to Invasion by Bromus Species: The Roles of Community Attributes, Bromus Interactions with Plant Communities, and Bromus Traits. In: Germino, M., Chambers, J., Brown, C. (eds) Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western US. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_10

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